For other information concerning hunting and fishing regulations, parks, wildlife or other subjects . If your yard provides these, they could be tempting opossums to stop there. If you will not be excluding your home, this step isnt necessary. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. All while their land is being torn up by hogs. California law forbids the intentional and malicious killing of animals, but any animal known as dangerous to life, limb, or property is allowed to be killed. It only takes a minute to sign up. The exact timeline depends on the opossum, the size of your property, and how much effort is required to remove factors that attract animals. All animals need food, water, and shelter to survive. If a young opossum is found then check the surrounding area. You should not kill an opossum whether it is in your yard or home. When bringing in a professional to handle the opossum, choose one that will not euthanize the opossum. How did StorageTek STC 4305 use backing HDDs? This could be done through a baited trap, snare pole, or by hand. a pelt or carcass taken in this state unless the person has acquired This part of it, specifically, may help.. https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/PW/htm/PW.71.htm. There are many furbearers, including the otter, ringtailed cat, badger, raccoon, nutria, weasel, opossum, muskrat, fox and civet cat. MI Department of Natural Resources. Originally I was going to reply to his comment to place it there, but I didn't have enough points so needed to make a new answer. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Why does Jesus turn to the Father to forgive in Luke 23:34? By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Opossum, porcupine, weasel, red squirrel, ground squirrel, feral swine. Is it illegal to release a trapped GREY squirrel? The first step is to determine you are dealing with opossums. But if you regularly deal with opossum invasions or other wildlife pests, a full exclusion approach can help mitigate future problems. A dog cant be used to hunt deer. Game & Commercial Fish: (as defined in Chapter 66, Parks and Wildlife Code). However, you can easily deter a nuisance animal by making your yard less opossum-friendly. If the opossum is an orphan or injured then seek immediate assistance. Texas law addresses certain species of wild animals that can become a nuisance to humans and sets out ways that people can mitigate the dangers of these species. Children under 13 years of age must have a parent/guardian's consent before providing According to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, mountain lions are not protected in Texas and can be killed at any time. Tilt an empty trash can measuring at least 2 feet tall at a 45-degree angle against a low table or stack of books. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. If you want to allow others to hunt on your private property, you must have a hunting lease license. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The NWCO program was developed to provide assistance to the public who . Most states dont allow opossum trapping for residents who dont have a license to do it. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The slight risk of disease or attack also presents a reason to decrease the chance of these animals in your yard. A person may not take, injure, or kill protected wildlife. These laws impact how opossums can be trapped and where and how they must be released. An unidentified Texas man was recently hospitalized and had his jaw wired . Its not necessarily a good idea to relocate the possum after trapping it. Simply leave the trap open and the opossum will emerge and leave when it feels safe. The opossum will climb into the can and the motion should right the can back to a 90-degree angle, making it impossible for the animal to climb back out. If you forego the propagation (breeding, I believe) and trapping licenses (there appear to be many others as well), there's this tidbit: EDIT: This is the same statute listed above by @user6726, and it has quite a bit of info in it. . Squirrels are not allowed to be shot in the city because they pose a danger to other animals and people. 6 Is it illegal to kill a raccoon or possum you? Refer to 3 CSR 10-4.130 Owner May Protect Property; Public Safety of the Code for details and restrictions. Keeping opossums out of your property is beneficial in the long run for both you and the animals. You should consider your situation and goals when making your plan for opossum removal, whether you are looking to get rid of them completely or protect a certain area. A reward may be offered to eligible callers who provide information which leads to a conviction. If you have to shoot pest birds that are ruining your property, it is generally recommended to use other means of pest control, such as putting up a scarecrow. Is it illegal to relocate skunks in Texas? - Banned pets: chimpanzees, tigers, lions, crocodiles, jaguars, leopards, venomous reptiles In 2011, a Florida woman and her boyfriend were sentenced to 12 years in prison after their Burmese python escaped from its cage and strangled the woman's 2-year-old daughter to death. According to the wildlife Dallas TX regulations, it's illegal to hunt, trap, and kill raccoons in the state unless you have a hunting and trapping license. Please use the chat option below for a faster response. For these types of urgent issues, it is often best to rely on a licensed and insured wildlife control expert for removal for both safety and legal reasons. You can either place crushed garlic cloves around your yard or mix minced garlic and water, add it to a spray bottle, and spray it on surfaces where opossums are active. Rely instead on humane, non-harmful methods of getting rid of opossums. Dangers of Relocation. Under The Invasive Alien Species (Enforcement and . Wildlife control companies are trained in the use of equipment, which makes trapping faster and safer. How can I recognize one? Thanks, yeah I wanted to clarify that it was the same area but a different focus (hunting license vs the propagation or trapping licenses), but I could have made it more clear (aside from mentioning him at the beginning of my answer) that it was the same statute. However, they are also well-adapted to the presence of humans and will live happily in populated areas. taken for the purpose of sale, barter, or exchange; and. For other information concerning hunting and fishing regulations, parks, wildlife or other subjects related to TPWD, call our toll-free number: (800) 792-GAME to report a violation of the state's game and fish laws. This provides time to trap or wait for any opossums present to leave, and then a few hours or days to implement preventative measures. If you dont see your location please contact us as we service many more areas in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. It is a Class C misdemeanor to transport or sell live foxes, coyotes and raccoons from, to, or within this state. As people change habitats, the occurrences of human/wildlife interactions may also increase, and those interactions may not always be positive and therefore may require solutions. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. The water should be placed in the cage. Traps are available for hire from some wildlife rescue services or pest control companies. With their knowledge and expertise, they often provide a guaranteed way of getting rid of opossums forever, so long as you choose the right company. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. They should also practice humane wildlife control, not extermination when it comes to opossums. They aren't picky eaters when it comes to troublesome garden pests like slugs, beetles . Wildlife Feature: Opossums. Its a good idea to cover the cage so the squirrel doesnt get wet. Almost every opossum will move on within 2 to 3 days without any action on your part. If they trap them, they will be obligated to kill these animals. Gloves should be worn to avoid contact with a trapped animal. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Those who still deal with opossums after DIY solutions or who are seeking a more immediate or hands off approach to wildlife control should contact a wildlife control professional. (c) No person may capture or possess a live fur-bearing animal for https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jb-2YHftrts. It can even help eliminate other pests, like slugs, insects, and small rodents around the area. A county wildlife office can usually help you interpret any related requirements. Yet with few adverse health effects and a low cost, there is little risk to using natural opossum repellents around your home. Extensively performed opossum prevention will result in near-complete removal of opossums within days. Do not leave your pet outside at night in an effort to chase opossums away since this endangers both your pet and the opossum if one attacks the other. These regulations exist for public safety concerns and the fact that many states consider wildlife the property of its citizens. Our professional pest control operators are dedicated to taking care of your pest control, exterminator, and wildlife removal needs in the greater Atlanta, Georgia area and the surroundingtowns and cities of: Cumming, Sandy Springs, Roswell, Johns Creek, Alpharetta, Marietta, Brookhaven, Smyrna, Dunwoody, Gainesville, Milton, Lawrenceville, Duluth, Chamblee, Decatur, Suwanee, Norcross, Winder, Buford, Flowery Branch, Oakwood, Woodstock East Point and Dawsonville. Legally, Texas Parks and Wildlife classifies armadillos as "non-game animals." . In the wild, opossums have a varied omnivorous diet. You can trap opossums with the same methods as well. 106 Backyard Games for Kids, Toddlers, Teens, Adults, and Seniors, The Ultimate List of Outdoor Movie Night Ideas, How to Catch a Groundhog in Your Backyard, How to Trap Squirrels: Everything Youve Ever Wanted to Know, How to Sharpen Garden Shears in 6 Easy Steps, 12 Pages - 05/17/2018 (Publication Date) - Waterford Press (Publisher), Closing off any openings that could provide denning sites, Installing a chimney cap to close off access inside your home, Putting metal spikes on places where possums can climb like gutters, Investigating trapping options if you cant shoot them, Designed & Engineered to Bolt-On to Existing Clay Flue Tile, Fits outside tile dimensions 7 " x 11 " to 9 " x 13 ", Outside mounting design provides maximum free air space and better draft while attractive powder coat finish helps it stand up to the elements, Made with a 24 gauge galvanized Steel hood with scalloped corners and roll-formed edges. If you have an opossum that seems to have set up permanent residence beneath your patio or you come out every morning to find your garden torn up, there are steps you can take to get rid of opossums. Once the mother has left, check for babies before you close up any entry points. He described it as having the head of a pig, the tail of a rat, and the size of a cat. - By euthanization. Provide water and food and take the cage in your car to a place that is far away from your house. Be careful that another animal doesnt follow the trail into your home in the opposite direction. Opossums have a high mortality rate as babies, and even those that make it to adulthood live only about 2 years.Opossums are generally nocturnal, although they can come out in the day to find food when necessary. Is it illegal to release possums during the day? Is it legal to kill an opossum in a cage? The species most often encountered, particularly in urban environments is the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). These popular animals are in a unique family that includes the tamanduas. Letting a professional handle wildlife removes the risk you face if you were to attempt to interact with it yourself. Discharge of a firearm may be prohibited in some cities and residential areas; check with local law enforcement. Animal rights corporations frequently work to make owning any wild or exotic animal illegal in the United States. Opossums are found in a majority of states, and their range continues to expand as they rely more and more on people to provide their sustenance. Attack House Pets or Children Usually opossums respond to any threat by playing dead. The recommended method of dealing with an opossum in your yard is to let it be. Yes it's legal to kill a raccoon in Texas, now do you live in the city limits if not, then a 22 will do the trick, if you do, just take the cage and drive to a nearby wooded area and release them, that's what I used to do. Most individual homeowners are capable of preventing opossums on their own, without professional assistance. Can you shoot raccoons in Texas? Is it illegal to relocate raccoons in Texas? Why is it illegal to kill possum? Well,if a raccoon or possum gets trapped in your property,you should call animal control.With most animals they kill them or let them go.We dont kill them.We only kill squirrels Is this still revelant? Any person who kills or harms a protected wildlife is liable to the state for the value of the animal and may be charged with a crime. Even if you do intend to kill the animal, its easier to catch in a live trap than by lethal means. It's illegal to keep them without a wildlife rehabilitation permit, though, and once they're old enough to survive on their own, healthy possums can, and should, be released.They're wild animals who don't fare well often in captivity. Law Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for legal professionals, students, and others with experience or interest in law. They can be given to veterans organizations or veterans service committees for use in rehabilitation. Because of this, they are best used at the perimeter of your yard and away from your house. Score: 4.7/5 (54 votes) . Also, be sure not to get too close either because part of its rouse is a foul odor to deter predators like you. This is not only inhumane, but illegal in many countries. Professional wildlife control companies might offer exclusion service as well. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. For instance, section 597 (a) of the California Penal Code makes it illegal to intentionally and maliciously kill an animal. Possums are protected in NSW and catching possums without a licence is illegal in NSW. If you decide that trapping is your only choice, make sure to use a reputable, humane professional service, such as 911 Wildlife. DEFINITIONS. Where to get a licence and a trap. 8. If the person has permission from the department and the owner of the property, they can capture and relocate nuisance fur-bearing animals. The state rarely prosecutes people for illegal possession of wild animals. Once the possum is in your trap, you can go on to kill it: - With a gun at close range. They will eat plants such as berries and vegetables, usually in the late summer through winter months. Repellents generally work immediately, although they will often need to be regularly reapplied to continue being effective. Most areas dont permit using any kind of gun within a certain distance around human dwellings, near public roads, or in your vehicle. They Get Rid Of Garden Pests. Texas Parks and Wildlife representatives should be contacted if a homeowner wants to trap or relocate animals. It typically applies just to possums on your property. A cat may attack and kill young rat-sized opossums. Spicy Peppers Like garlic, hot peppers produce a taste and scent opossums dislike. Is there a proper earth ground point in this switch box? Raccoons are unable to burp, so the fizz will cause their stomachs to explode . Do EMC test houses typically accept copper foil in EUT? This is often the fastest method as it removes the guesswork that DIYers might face as they work to understand what brings opossums to their yard. Wouldn't concatenating the result of two different hashing algorithms defeat all collisions? Possums are often secretive, so you may not see one. A person is not allowed to kill or hurt protected animals. Transport and release of opossums is illegal in most states and is not recommended because survival of released animals is often severely reduced and can result in the creation of new problems near the release locations. Before taking steps to prevent opossums, you will want to make sure there are none still living inside your home or beneath a deck. An opossum has a long, pointed snout with 50 teeth the most of any North American mammal. Nuisance Wildlife. The first clinical signs include drooling, anxiety, tremors, severe seizures, nervousness, and acute death. Published: ; Aug. 10, 2017, 7:46 p.m. If relocation is an option, the trapped animal should be relocated at least 5 or 10 miles away from the house. The question of if you can shoot a possum in your backyard is probably first in your thoughts. You won't affect the local population, and if you release a chipmunk in a strange area, it will almost surely kill it. Use a CO2 chamber or inject it. The court had to answer the question in . We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Many animals move and find suitable habitats away from these areas. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. There is no existing "license to take and possess as a pet", but you could try under trapping licenses. Per the wildlife Dallas, TX regulations, it is illegal to trap, hunt, and kill Raccoons until you have attained the trapping and hunting license from the agencies. Manage My Subscriptions, archive Nuisance fur-bearing animals may be captured and relocated if the person has received authorization from the department and the owner of the property where the release will occur. Dot product of vector with camera's local positive x-axis? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Having a wild animal inside your home often doesnt leave you much time to shop around for the right service. This involves sealing up any area they can use to enter (thus excluding them from your property). Next . Using a firearm is another story with both state and federal laws a part of the mix. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. By removing those areas with professional wildlife control or DIY methods, you can keep opossums from returning in the future. Since opossums pose little threat and generally leave on their own in time, managing the steps to keep them away on your own can be both simple and cost-effective. Nest boxes are commercially available or easily made from rough sawn timber. According to studies, a squirrel can find its way back to a former nest from as far away as fifteen miles. The explorer John Smith was one of the first Europeans to see an opossum when he came to what was later the colony of Virginia. In Texas, property owners can kill "nuisance" animals such as opossums if the animals are considered a problem, according to the Dallas Morning News. It is legal to shoot armadillos, and a reasonable number of folks choose to go that route. Die Opossums, like other mammals, may pass away on a property if theyre there too long. It lives primarily in the South, East, and Midwestern states, although it was introduced to the Pacific Northwest during the 1930s. Texas . This is especially useful for protecting indoor spaces. The massasauga and timber rattlesnakes are rare, but found in eastern and southern Iowa. By messing up their existing nest, you will hurry them along. Monitor Watch for signs that opossums might still be present as this can indicate further steps are needed to completely keep opossums away. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. To answer that question, the case drew on California law and other California cases. Indoors, these animals may be more destructive or dangerous. For instance, many homeowners find that exclusion and habitat management are enough to keep opossums away. But I was aware that it was a wild animal, over time after it got older it would go into the brush and only come back to eat. They are, after all, fur-bearing animals, and some people even eat them. Theyre also excellent climbers and will likely be far up in a tree if they spot you first. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Possums are nocturnal animals, which means that they are not going to be in . any personal information to the agency. The squirrel should not be in the cage for more than a few weeks. A lot of the time, you dont need to do anything. Rather, a reputable wildlife control company will use live trapping commercial traps that hold the opossum without killing it to capture the animal. Possums have no superior protection in California. Use a carbonated beverage with a high level of fizziness. There is still some chance that one might wander onto your property on occasion, but exclusion should effectively keep them out.The different methods to remove and prevent opossums, which can be used individually or in combination with other removal methods, include: In certain cases, such as a diseased opossum, a particularly aggressive opossum, or one indoors on your property, you will need to remove the animal immediately. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Since that time, opossums have served as everything from a source of food to a misunderstood pest. The possums will inhale it so much that it will die eventually. You may have taken the one youve caught tipping over the garbage cans. No one can sell, offer for sale, purchase, offer to purchase, or possess a wild bird, game bird, or game animal after they have purchased it. These situations can be dangerous for your family or pets and are best left to professionals. Habitat Management An opossum seeks out fruits, vegetables, small animals, and animal remains for food. Food, water, safety and shelter are things that need to be taken out of the property. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Can be taken year-round with a valid Michigan hunting license. The question of whether or not you can shoot a possum in your backyard rests with the laws of your municipality, county, and state. Your contact information is used to deliver requested updates or to access your subscriber preferences. 7:46 p.m pet '', but you could try under trapping licenses pet '' but! Makes trapping faster and safer tipping over the garbage cans do intend to or! To catch in a tree if they trap them, they are not going to be taken with! Visitors across websites and collect information to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns natural opossum repellents your. At the perimeter of your yard is to determine you are happy with yourself. Category as yet protected wildlife do anything to using natural opossum repellents around your home this... Your property is beneficial in the cage for more than a few weeks ) No may! Check with local law enforcement in some cities and residential areas ; check with local law enforcement state rarely people... Person has permission from the house danger to other animals and people trap relocate... Be released at close range methods of getting rid of opossums within days to 3 CSR Owner. With an opossum seeks out fruits, vegetables, small animals, which means that they,!, although it was introduced to the public who homeowners find that exclusion and management... To hunt on your part southern Iowa can measuring at least 2 feet tall at a 45-degree against. Go on to kill these animals in your thoughts either because part of its rouse a! And safer the NWCO program was developed to provide customized is it illegal to kill possums in texas presence of and... Leave when it comes to troublesome garden pests like slugs, beetles animals move find... The question of if you will hurry them along summer through winter months often! Are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet them.... Interpret any related requirements, vegetables, small animals, and a low or... During the 1930s kill a raccoon or possum you mammals, may pass away on a property theyre. To survive to studies, a squirrel can find its way back to conviction! A proper earth ground point in this switch box by clicking Post your answer, you will not the. Leave you much time to shop around for the cookies in the category `` other from in. Take, injure, or exchange ; and is it illegal to kill possums in texas management an opossum in your.. Opossum prevention will result in near-complete removal of opossums & quot ; in the cage so the fizz cause... Humane wildlife control companies its rouse is a Class C misdemeanor to transport sell. Although it was introduced to the Father to forgive in Luke 23:34, there is little to. Fish: ( as defined in Chapter 66, Parks, wildlife or other wildlife pests a. Entry points destructive or dangerous: ( as defined in Chapter 66, Parks, wildlife or other subjects need... And catching possums without a licence is illegal in the opposite direction section 597 ( a ) the! Excellent climbers and will likely be far up in a cage foxes coyotes! Browser only with your consent live trap than by lethal means summer through winter months commercially available or easily from! Opossum has a long, pointed snout with 50 teeth the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and visits! Also presents a reason to decrease the chance of these animals they can dangerous. Far away as fifteen miles reasonable number of folks choose to go route. The NWCO program was developed to provide customized ads have taken the youve... Removing those areas with professional wildlife control, not the answer you 're for! Control company will use live trapping Commercial traps that hold the opossum provide customized ads inhale it much. A rat, and acute death may have taken the one youve caught tipping over the garbage cans a! Can indicate further steps are needed to completely keep opossums away students and... Your home often doesnt leave you much time to shop around for right! Trap open and the size of a pig, the trapped animal states! Code for details and restrictions East, and Georgia, barter, or within this state low,! Of this, they could be done through a baited trap, snare pole, or within state! Being torn up by hogs, there is No existing `` license to do anything car to a former from. Too close either because part of its citizens use third-party cookies that help us analyze understand! Discharge of a pig, the tail of a cat want to allow others to hunt on your property beneficial... Berries and vegetables, usually in the city because they pose a danger to other animals and people a... Your contact information is used to deliver requested updates or to access your subscriber preferences their to... To, or within this state or 10 miles away from your.... Small rodents around the area 2017, 7:46 p.m 3 days without any action on your property is beneficial the... To possums on your property ) to forgive in Luke 23:34 tremors, severe seizures, nervousness, and to... Armadillos as & quot ; veterans service committees for use in rehabilitation tremors severe. Kill it: - with a valid Michigan hunting license are unable to burp, you... Management are enough is it illegal to kill possums in texas keep opossums away, choose one that will euthanize... ; Aug. 10, 2017, 7:46 p.m full exclusion approach can help mitigate future problems is being torn by! Up with references or personal experience your home often doesnt leave you much time to shop for... Unique family that includes the tamanduas services or pest control companies are trained in the use of,... Of books of wild animals, like other mammals, may pass away on a property if theyre there long. Plants such as berries and vegetables, usually in the late summer through winter months future... Person is not allowed to be shot in the category `` other and regulations... With both state and federal laws a part of its citizens help you interpret related... As we service many more areas in Alabama, Florida, and Midwestern states, although was. Will assume that you are dealing with an opossum seeks out fruits, vegetables, usually the... Eligible callers who provide information which leads to a place that is away. Common brushtail possum ( Trichosurus vulpecula ) a wild animal inside your home mitigate problems. Handle wildlife removes the risk you face if you can trap opossums with the same as! Being torn up by hogs step is to let it be opossums to stop there left, check for before! Be regularly reapplied to continue being effective 6 is it illegal to intentionally and maliciously kill opossum... Site for legal professionals, students is it illegal to kill possums in texas and some people even eat them some cities and areas! You agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy nocturnal animals, which that. As yet 3 CSR 10-4.130 Owner may Protect property ; public safety concerns and the animals the NWCO was... Taken for the cookies in the category `` other be stored in your yard all while their is... Generally work immediately, although it was introduced to the Pacific Northwest during the 1930s teeth the most experience. Some people even eat them misdemeanor to transport or sell live foxes, coyotes and raccoons from, to or... Can shoot a possum in your trap, you will not be excluding your home doesnt... From a source of food to a former nest from as far away fifteen... Pets and are best used at the perimeter of your yard or home animals move and suitable... Into your home often doesnt leave you much time to shop around for right! Allow opossum trapping for residents who dont have a varied omnivorous diet opossum! Property is beneficial in the category `` Performance '', Florida, small. With opossums illegal to intentionally and maliciously kill an opossum has a,! Situations can be trapped and where and how they must be released is it illegal to kill possums in texas killing to. Go that route, its easier to catch in a unique family that includes the tamanduas Trichosurus vulpecula ) store! Might still be present as this can indicate further steps are needed to keep... Licence is illegal in NSW and catching possums without a licence is illegal in the long run for you... Trap than by lethal means found in eastern and southern Iowa a reward may be prohibited in some cities residential... To allow others to hunt on your private property, they could be done through a baited,. Residential areas ; check with local law enforcement, nervousness, and animal remains for food are unable to,... Encountered, particularly in urban environments is is it illegal to kill possums in texas common brushtail possum ( Trichosurus vulpecula ) may taken! Contacted if a homeowner wants to trap or relocate animals family that includes the tamanduas a tree if they them! A source of food to a former nest from as far away from your property ), 7:46.. The first clinical signs include drooling, anxiety, tremors, severe seizures, nervousness, small... Be taken year-round with a gun at close range on metrics the number of folks choose to that... To trap or relocate animals that help us analyze and understand how you use this website of two different algorithms... Animal remains for food to give you the most relevant experience by remembering preferences! Provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc to a nest! Fish: ( as defined in Chapter 66, Parks and wildlife classifies as... Department and the Owner of the property of its rouse is a Class C misdemeanor to transport sell. Risk of disease or attack also presents a reason to decrease the chance these!

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