prestress losses example

Each load increment has associated elastic and creep strains. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI. <> Loss in Prestress Due to the Friction 3. Prestress losses. %PDF-1.4 Transfer. 7-wire strands @ 0.153 in 2 per strand = 0.459 in2 f pu = 270 KSI (using an ordinary 7-wire strand) Initial prestress force, P . Losses due to anchorage set, friction and elastic shortening are . 2 GUIDE TO ESTIMATING PRESTRESS LOSS (ACI 423.10R-16) CHAPTER 4INITIAL LOSSES, p. 12 4.1Scope, p. 12 4.2Pretensioning losses before transfer, p. 13 4.3Elastic shortening losses in pretensioned members, p. 16 4.4Post-tensioning losses during tensioning and transfer, p. 18 4.5Elastic shortening loss in post-tensioned members, p. 21 0 001188 193000000 = . Prestress force (at transfer), P = 2500 kN. The material model available to creep behavior is as follows: The material model available to shrinkage behavior is as follows: The material model available to steel relaxation is as follows: Ceb-Fip Model Code 1990, Telford, 1993. Then there is a loss of prestress. The effective stress in the steel is then, 0.75*270 - 19.24 = 183.26 ksi. Solved Example Loss of Prestress Question: The post-tensioned beam shown in Figure-1 is stressed by two tendons. The dimensions of the beam can be found in example 4.3. 3). The second two terms, elastic shortening and steel relaxation, are typically the responsibility of the design engineer. - PCI ACI 318-19, Section 20.3.2.6.1 states that prestress losses shall be considered in the calculation of the effective tensile stress in the prestressed reinforcement, fse, and shall include (a) through (f): (a) Prestressed reinforcement seating at transfer, (e) Relaxation of prestressed reinforcement, (f) Friction loss due to intended or unintended curvature in post-tensioning tendons. J@xf8Ar C- F bOk)bAF' q: CeB?MAbBY0)Et2{1d^T45 or11vn#65v~z]4 Total Prestress Losses losses Even during prestressing of tendons, and transfer of prestress, there is a drop of prestress from the initially applied stress. Elastic loss in pre-tensioned beams 11.2.1.1 Example of elastic loss calculation 11.2.2 Elastic loss in post-tensioned beams 11.2.3 Loss of prestress due to friction and wobble 11.2.3.1 Derivation of loss of prestress due to friction 11.2.3.2 Example of calculation of loss of prestress due to friction and wobble 11.2.3.3 Calculation of for . 4.2. but the prestress is adjusted automatically anyway to satisfy this. In the case of pre-tensioning, there is no loss due to friction as the concrete is not being hardened at the time of tensioning the tendons. 3cUaV}&A3*#6D:F:H)A16{||EL{9\plfT%z#:w#lsmNU=/Hg_IF({7h6$@VULI~-WL~uvd>,U+ow_ At which stage in the life of a prestress member is the prestress force the highest and the concrete compressive strength the lowest? The loss of prestress occurs due to various reasons. This example is a bridge from the Mississippi DOT inventory which includes two units of SR 429, a three-span (138 ft each) continuous unit and a single 80 ft span unit. Losses due to relaxation of stress in steel 3. Losses in Prestress Due to Anchored Slip 4. LOSS OF PRESTRESS (S5.9.5) Design Step 5.4.1 General Loss of prestress can be characterized as that due to instantaneous loss and time-dependent loss. It is prestressed with 9 Inspection Checklist: Appendix D: Post-Tensioning Losses and Elongations: Appendix E: Example Calculations: Appendix F: California Test #541 (Flow Cone Method) Statewide Campaigns. Additionally, at service loads, the overestimation of prestress losses can be almost as detrimental as underestimation because the former can result in excessive camber and horizontal movement. These methods adjust the concrete modulus of elasticity to account for both the elastic and time-dependent creep strains. Zia, Paul, H. K. Preston, N. L. Scott, and E. B. Comprehensive Design Example for Prestressed Concrete (PSC) Girder Superstructure Bridge Design Step 5 Design of Superstructure Design Step 5.6 - Flexure Design . AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 2012 as follows: AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 2012. prestress loss due to shrinkage of girder, prestressing strands in composite section, prestress gain due to shrinkage of deck in, Design Example, Posttensioned Bridge Girder, Losses Between Time of Transfer and Deck Placement, Prestress Loss due to Shrinkage of Girder Concrete, fpSR, Prestress Loss due to Creep of Girder Concrete, fpCR, Prestress Loss due to Relaxation of Prestressing Strands, fpR1, Prestress Loss due to Shrinkage of Girder Concrete, fpSD, Prestress Loss due to Creep of Girder Concrete, fpCD, Prestress Loss due to Relaxation of Prestressing Strands, fpR2, Prestress Gain due to Shrinkage of Deck in Composite Section, fpSS. Loss due to shrinkage: The change of volume of concrete . 7 losses in prestress 1. Define tendon properties and values/settings relating to instantaneous and time-dependent losses. Losses between transfer and SLS = 20%. example, if the theoretical elongation for a 300 foot long frame is 24 inches, then a 1% or 3 foot discrepancy in computing the tendon length results in only a 0.24 or inch difference in One such creep and shrinkage model can be found in the AASHTO LRFD detailed method (Tadros et al. Incremental time-step methods are based on the superposition of elastic and creep strains resulting from increments of stress. Initial prestress at Level 1 to satisfy class 2 requirement for SLS (Comb. f+bX V9HoH[$KAzA\]7#BF7? The gradual reduction of this introduced compressive stress in a prestressed member due to various reasons is called losses of prestress. Long-term losses in the tendon are assumed to be 14 ksi. It is believed that . Omission of Web Reinforcement in Double Tees, Powered by Instant Websites for Confluence. Forces in Post-Tensioned Tendons. 2(a).There is a strong nonlinearity between F r and u rm which is significantly affected by prestress. Copyright 2022 Computers and Structures, Inc. All rights reserved. Assume =0.19 and k=50104 rad./m. The following are examples of prestress losses in pre-tensioned members except. Detailed long term loss methods are available for unusual situations or where more accuracy is warranted. That reference gives simple equations for estimating losses of prestress which would enable the designer to estimate the various types of prestress loss rather than using a lump sum value. Losses in Prestressed Concrete. There will be losses due to sudden changes in temperature. the Long term losses occurring before composite to "20%", . 1979. hb```f``c`a`9 @ xsF P1$Pc1|X" A4#w13>@ t Losses due to creep in concrete 4. The losses due to friction between the prestressing steel and the duct enclosure may be estimated by the following equation: FR = To I1 e-^xz,z+aa^](1) When (Klt, + ,a) is not greater than 0.3, the following equation may b used: FR = T0 (Klt,. Recall that transfer is the moment at which the concrete first feels the prestress. The prestress losses which may be accounted for within SAP2000 include the following: Short-term losses are described as follows: Slip from anchorage setting is a user-defined parameter. The Final Total Prestress loss shown in the Leap Conspan output is calculated as follows. !ywPE They are also hampered by lack of time dependent information of material properties, loading and support conditions, environmental factors, and curing methods. Prestress Losses Total Loss of Prestress As stated in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 2012, the total loss of prestress is: In post-tensioned members: fpT = fpF + fpA +. Included are example . Prestress Loss 2. 52 0 obj <>stream At any point in time, the total strain can be calculated as the summation of the elastic and creep strains for all loads plus shrinkage strains. The aim of this article is to create and validate a comprehensive strain-based method for the monitoring of long-term prestress losses that addresses several concerns in monitoring, including design of the sensor network, analysis of measured strains to determine prestress losses, accounting for varying temperature that can impact measurements . Billington (2004) - Historical Perspective on Prestressed Concrete. (SC5.9.5.2.3a-1) where: The alternative approach is used for this example. Given a beam with a self-weight of 11 kN/m, I = 0.006390 m, E = 28 GPa. Prestress does not remain constant (reduces) with time. Losses can be before or after . Losses for pretensioned members are typically divided into initial and long term. 18 0 obj <> endobj PCI Industry Handbook Committee, PCI Design Handbook, 8th Ed., PCI, Chicago, 2017. The loss of prestress in the pipe wall leads to cracking of the concrete core and mortar coating, mortar coating delamination, accelerated corrosion, and breakage of prestressing wires, corrosion and/or yielding of the steel cylinder, and ultimately pipe rupture. Percentage creep varies from 1 to 5%. Final Gain = -9.96 ksi Initial Loss = 13.65 ksi (Elastic Shortening) Long Term Loss = 20.3 ksi Total Prestress Losses = (13.65 + 20.3) - 9.96 = 23.99Ksi Please see the attached Screenshot for more information. The influence of friction losses is reduced if the member is stressed from both ends. 37 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<660FDB66AA2CC764F68DFA33F0B5C2F4><0B242DE664038A4BA671DC349503B5DC>]/Index[18 35]/Info 17 0 R/Length 91/Prev 57565/Root 19 0 R/Size 53/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Estimating Prestress Loss in Pretensioned High-Strength Concrete . Friction losses: these losses occur due to friction between tendons and post-tensioning ducts, these losses will increase by increasing the length of the tendon. This example goes through how to calculate prestress loss of a Florida I-Beam (FIB) using. Losses due to shrinkage of concrete The frictional losses and losses due to anchorage slip are observed . 0Fo86w7`5JeM836%v+yB=20l Bp@fMwGyor"q;#/U[!&:3/0WN%.,ZHC^.a*m%0VL&"? The effective stress from the gross section Transfer. (1) Anchorage seating losses: (2) Elastic shortening losses Because all tendons will be simultaneously tensioned the elastic shortening of concrete will not affect tendons since it will be taking place at the same time as tensioning and no loss of prestress force will take place. Losses due to elastic deformation of concrete 2. Losses from elastic shortening and long-term effects, including creep, shrinkage, and relaxation, are computed for tendons which are modeled as objects, and may be specified for those modeled as loads. The time-dependent changes in prestress . Permissible stresses are: f tt = -1 N/mm2 f st = 0 N/mm2 f tc = 18 N/mm2 f sc = 22 N/mm2 . %%EOF Anchor set: the setting of wedges in anchor head will cause tendons to lose some of prestressing force as shown in figure 2. The relationship between the radial force F r and displacement u rm at the midpoint of the precompressed beam with fixed ends are shown in Fig. 5 0 obj 2003). Example 1: A simply supported concrete beam with The loss of prestress can be calculated as a function of the draw-in value divided by the overall length of the tendon. If the following prestressed concrete girder, for example, is classified as primary and secondary forces, 1) the following bending moment diagram (BMD) case occurs due to the prestressing forces. If tests of a specific anchorage device indicate a shortening u000fL, the decrease in unit stress in the prestressing steel is equal to Esu000fL/L, where L is the length of the tendon. An application example of external prestressing using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tendons in highway bridge . When the pompressive prestress a 0 is less than the critical stress of the first-mode buckling ( 1, and it refers to tensile prestress while . Tendon force is greatest at the jacking end, and decreases with distance from the end because of the friction which occurs during jacking between the tendon and the duct. With reference to the example shown in Lecture 5, estimate the prestress losses of the beam but with the values of e-600 mm and the elastic modulus of Em (transfer) = 30 kN/mm. Estimating Prestress Losses. Concrete International 1 (6) (June): 3238. It includes: Supplemental chapters 25-38, providing additional details of the methodologies described in the Volume 1-3 chapters, example problems, and other resources; A . The first two terms, chuck seating/slippage and bed shortening/bulkhead deflection, are typically the responsibility of the precaster, and should be included in the stressing calculations. Examples of such pipe are typically DN 4000 up to 20 bar and DN 3600 up to 26 . This example details the data input of a prestressed concrete I beam bridge and performing an analysis. Example L = 19.52m 102 mm h b Given: fck = 41.4 MPa, fci = 31 MPa fpk = 1862 MPa, f p0,1k = 1551.7 MPa, E p = 186.2 GPa b = 381 mm, h = 762 mm Ten 12.7 mm tendons are used to prestress the beam (A tendon = 98.7 mm 2) Find: (a) Prestress loss due to elastic shortening (b) Check stresses in concrete "The HCM includes three printed volumes (Volumes 1-3) that can be purchased from the Transportation Research Board in print and electronic formats. Loss in prestress = creep strain x Es 4. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. As an example, when two tendons are tensioned sequentially, tensioning the second tendon causes loss due to elastic shortening on the first tendon. Lump sum losses are essentially equivalent to user defined losses. Based on the material model selected for the time-dependent behaviors associated with creep, shrinkage, and steel relaxation, long-term losses are automatically calculated. The causes of the various losses in prestress are shown in the following chart. kN L A sl p p 68.9 21 .3 100 0.64 P A E 0. The prestressing force at stage I including all prestress losses is: Pi , 0 = Pi ,immed (Pr + PC + PS ) = 1539.4 (28.5 + 0 + 0) = 1510.9kN f (a) Stage II: Loss at 30 days after casting of topping Will use simplified method (5.10.6 Eq 5.46) cs E p + 0,8 pr + Pc + s + r = A p p ,c + s + r = A p the result for this example is a loss of 19.24 ksi. This loss is not uniformly distributed along the length of the tendon. . Three examples are demonstrated for the computa-tion of prestress losses. + a)(2) Table 1 gives a summary of friction coefficients for various post-tension- ing tendons. The bending and shear effects due to dead load and superimposed dead load (2.5kN/m) are created by using the "Generate" feature in the program. fpu = 270 ksi Initial prestress level = 0.75fpu Estimated loss = 20% fse = 270 (0.75)(1 - 0.2) = 162 ksi Estimate decompression force: Elastic shortening loss ES is approximately 40% of total loss. Prestressing losses. Structure Typical Section -Unit 1 PS14 - Prestressed Concrete I Beam These three examples in-clude: (1) a concrete beam with straight strands, (2) a concrete beam with single-point depressed ten-dons, and (3) a concrete beam with two-point de-pressed tendons. Therefore, the final effective force in the tendon is 189 minus 14 = 175 ksi. In the case of post-tensioning, the tendons are provided inside the duct of a precast concrete member. Taking type1 as an example, the stress nephogram after the first step of normal temperature stretching and the second step of heating is shown in Fig. Further, the commentary to Section 20.3.2.6.1 states that the actual losses, whether greater or smaller than the calculated values, have little effect on the design strength of the member, but affect service load behavior (deflections, camber, cracking load) and connections. During post-tensioning, it is usually permitted to stress the tendon temporarily to a maximum of about 80% of the specified tensile strength . Losses in Prestress Due to Creep of Concrete 6. Therefore, this type of loss is considerable for short tendons and almost negligible for long tendons. The final report from the project included new prestress loss provisions that were found to be simpler, more conservative, and more precise than the current methods outlined within the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design . This preview shows page 1 - 5 out of 14 pages. . The initial jacking force will be reduced by prestress losses that will develop over time. hmo8|%HJPJnOB|F In pre-tensioned members, when the tendons are cut and the prestressing force is transferred to the member, the concrete undergoes immediate shortening due to the prestressing force. This example problem is in Module 11 of my Prestressed Concrete Design course (Prestress Loss). 3 Check stresses. Temporary overstressing of the tendon followed by release and subsequent re-stressing will also reduce friction losses. Initial losses are typically defined as those losses at release or stripping, however, with the appropriate equations, losses can be calculated at any time t. For the calculation of initial losses, there are four components to be considered. Allow for 20% loss of prestress after transfer. | Powered by Atlassian, {"serverDuration": 70, "requestCorrelationId": "9dde7bd09d44eca9"}. Answer: Loss of prestressing in " pre-tensioned " members 1. DArcy (2003) - Building Code Providions for PS Concrete (A Brief History) Lowe (2014) - Four ages of early prestressed concrete structures. Force of prestress falls as a result of creep in steel. One such model is defined in PCI Committee on Prestress Losses (1975). The loss contains the instantaneous loss and the time dependent loss. Recommendations for Estimating Prestress Losses. PCI Journal 25 (4) July-August: 43-75. Copyright 2022 Computers and Structures, Inc. All rights reserved. Sample Calculation of Prestress Loss due to Elastic Shortening. Print. (Wobble, Elastic shortening, Long term creep, Anchor seating loss) Types of Losses in Prestress 2. The elastic shortening is more of a concern in a pre-tensioned member. It is important to select the type of prestressing steel as low-relaxation one. Example GIVEN: The rectangular prestressed concrete beam as shown below. Detailed methods can also be used when losses at times other than the end of the service life of the member are required. . The AASHTO LRFD simplified method is an estimate of time-dependent losses, using approximations and assumptions to simplify the detailed AASHTO LRFD method (Tadros et al. stream r"=@YZTm>l+O.hOvB=Z1ysA2#)erPm+oG2qB]Nb. Loss of Prestress. Prestressing is the process of introducing compressive stress to the concrete to counteract the tensile stresses resulting from an applied load. Seating and friction losses bring stress in the tendon down to70% F pu = 189 ksi. |LM/5{L)ycTke XLIh{u&+Mb[3k3R`_\,y=cp-cMVMftoZ9lr/ejMC[vRm*{gNk]{O3nVUN]&%#f-;WP(Q@Sj+vV r )q8tVXd6w7h;o7VMDi_fm^0j Lecture 4.1: Prestressing Losses due to elastic shortening . Workman. So the loss in prestress occurs due to friction between the concrete surface and the tendon . endstream endobj 19 0 obj <> endobj 20 0 obj <> endobj 21 0 obj <>stream ACI 318-19, Section 20.3.2.6.1 states that prestress losses shall be considered in the calculation of the effective tensile stress in the prestressed reinforcement, f se, and shall include (a) through (f): (a) Prestressed reinforcement seating at transfer (b) Elastic shortening of concrete (c) Creep of concrete (d) Shrinkage of concrete fpES= 13.7 ksi Design Step 5.4.4 - Calculate the prestressing stress at transfer fpt = Stress immediately prior to transfer - fpES = 202.5 - 13.7 = 188.8 ksi Design Step 5.4.5 - Calculate the prestressing force at transfer Pt = Nstrands(Aps)(fpt) = 44(0.153)(188.8) Loss of prestress is the difference between the initial tensile stress in prestressing tendons at the time the strands were seated in their anchorages, and the effective prestress at. The total angular deviation in a parabolic curve may be conveniently determined using the properties of the parabola shown in Fig. In pretensioned concrete, the four major sources of prestress losses are elastic shortening (ES), creep (CR), shrinkage (SH) and relaxation (RE). In the case of steel relaxation, the loss calculation requires an equation that takes time into account. These include the following: 1.Chuck seating, also called chuck slippage, 2. Tendon force Px at the distance x from the jacking end can be expressed as follows: To evaluate long-term losses, staged construction must be run with dependent material properties. Long term losses include concrete creep and shrinkage, along with steel relaxation, and are further subdivided into simplified and detailed. Initial losses include elastic shortening, anchorage seating and form or abutment deformations. %PDF-1.5 % Prestress Losses (TxDOT) In 2008, TxDOT initiated Project 0-6374 to investigate prestress losses in pretensioned concrete girders. :7 Age-adjusted effective modulus methods consider the effects of concrete creep and shrinkage and can also include differential shrinkage of concretes in composite systems and thermal effects. Total Prestress Losses: If the initial prestress force applied to a member is Pi, then the effective prestress force at transfers is aPi, while that at service load is bPi. - Chapter 1. N.M7fW+7bDtd{szR(6U AZY/R1:JYiM W_-iqlW0gAL.4{vUV4w;_Mmg~ p6f3rblci8HkC>{r+v}ZA % |heNaE~XeZ2me83Q p tG8C>.T&_(>vEtM d'H"+y%aw~:uu#qGI.qew?zQIvVj#xnEa1CZ-!Of5md[kc:zGl. Wobble. Reasonable assessment of long-term prestress loss and crack resistance is essential to ensure the service performance of prestressed concrete (PC) bridges. 1979), and the AASHTO LRFD specification. In this paper, a novel prediction model of long-term prestress loss considering the coupling effect of shrinkage and creep of concrete, prestressing steel relaxation, and presence of nonprestressing steel as well as the corrosion of . The tendons also shorten by the same amount, which leads to the loss of prestress. TL-ES = 20 - 0.4 . ACI Committee 423. Instead, the affected length is calculated as a function of friction loss as follows: Losses from elastic shortening are automatically computed for tendons which are modeled as objects. CSI Software calculates prestress loss according to the friction and anchorage loss parameters specified. Determine the midspan deflection of the beam below during a. transfer with a prestress . Prestressed Concrete Structures. Table of Content 1. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. For posttensioned members, prestress loss may occur at the anchorages during the anchoring. Long term detailed loss calculations can be further subdivided into two categories: age-adjusted effective modulus methods and incremental time-step methods. Volume 4 is a free online resource that supports the rest of the manual. Friction loss has two components, including the length or wobble effect and the curvature effect. Section properties can be found in Appendix C.2. For example, seating of wedges may permit some shortening of the tendons. The eccentricity "e" of a prestressed members can best be described as: 2. Elastic shortening of concrete . The total loss of prestress, fpT, is defined as the difference in the stress in prestressing strands immediately before transfer . Friction losses, for example, in post-tensioned construction, accumulate due to intended tendon curvature (drape) and unintended curvature (wobble) and the result is that the tendon force is not constant along the member. The beam has a cross-sectional area of 560 in. Note that elastic shortening is instantaneous but not necessarily constant. Design Step 5 - Design of Superstructure Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Example Task Order DTFH61-02-T-63032 5-27 . In the examples that follow, the loss of prestress is calculated for a 60 ft long AASHTO Type III beam, Fig. The prestress losses usually develop due to combined effect of shortening of the concrete member and relaxation of prestressing steel. ACI 423.10R-16. Losses Immediate Time dependent Elastic shortening Friction Anchorage slip . Friction. Suitable time-dependent equations for steel relaxation can be found in ACI 423.10R-16 and PCI Committee on Prestress Losses (1975). prestress losses and elongations for prestressed, post-tensioned structures. These methods of loss calculation are complicated due to interdependency of rate of loss of one factor which is altered by other factors. The following are examples of prestress losses in pre-tensioned members except. PCI Committee on Prestress Losses. For pretensioned strand, they are generally in the range of: Simplified long term losses are based on time-dependent properties of concrete and steel, including concrete creep and shrinkage and steel relaxation. 1975. For the beam in Example 4.1 determine the prestress loss due to friction at the centre and the right-hand end if the prestress force is applied at the left-hand end. 1. As a consequence, an excessive prestress loss may jeopardize the performance of PRC elements, especially in existing aging structures. Elastic deformation of concrete: An elastic shortening of the concrete takes place because of the application of pre-stress in concrete. In recent history (as of 2019) hurricane Irma and typhoon Jebi have provided the best examples of loss creep impacting insurance, reinsurance and . The figure below shows the results of the final prestress of the first tendon after loss obtained through a structural analysis program. Use the following: Concrete f' c = 5000 PSI Concrete strength = 75%(f' c) at time of prestressing A ps = 3 - " dia. Let us discuss the types of losses in prestress given in the article below. View full document 1Example Prestress Losses Dr Antonis Michael Department of Civil Engineering Frederick University Example Post-Tensioned Simply Supported Double T-Beam c.g.c L = 21.3 myp=0.476 m 0.813 m 1.524 m3.05 mye=0.33 m 0.051 m Example 2-1.1 A prestressed concrete sleeper produced by pre-tensioning method has a rectangular cross-section of 300mm 250 mm (b h). Elastic shortening due to stressing of other tendons according to the selected design code or . The prestress losses are defined as the loss of tensile stress in the prestress steel which acts on the concrete component ofthe prestressed concrete section. Immediate losses which occur before and during transfer: Friction loss due to length (wobble) and curvature effects, P = frictional loss as a change in force per unit length, calculated from a tendon-force variation diagram, = cumulative angle (in radians) of change in the tendon-profile tangent between x and the jacking end, x = position along tendon from jacking end. Estimating Prestress Loss This section is based on the report of a task group sponsored by ACI-ASCE Committee 423, Prestressed Concrete1. When the tendon is too long (say more than 120 feet) then double-end stressing is used to reduce the effects of friction losses. Initial elastic shortening is usually the same as that calculated for final losses, with the exception for members that are cast and stripped in a different orientation than final. Girder bottom stress after losses under prestress and dead load: f bottom = -P t /A g - P t e 54.5' /S b + M DNC /S b + M DC /S bc = -1.010 - 1.707 + 2.091 + 0.173 zp/|.=7HeL;VljXiw$o{}m6v_ shH$ This is a detailed example explaining how the losses are calculated in PC All other values required in order to carry out calculations of prestress losses in accordance with the design code are obtained directly from the model. In these cases, there will be a different elastic shortening component for initial and final losses, as the fcir term in the ES equation is dependent on both the orientation of the member and the externally applied loads.

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