Science 361:1012 LP1011016 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat9688, Michaels AM, Jiang J, Brus L (2000) Ag nanocrystal junctions as the site for surface-enhanced Raman scattering of single Rhodamine 6G molecules. The spectral purity of laser sources often requires side-mode suppression better than 60dB. If the intermediate state corresponds to a discrete electronic energy state, the interaction is described as resonance Raman scattering and the signal strength is expected to exceed that of virtual-intermediate-state Raman scattering by orders of magnitude. Device temperature rise determined using either E2 or A1 (LO) phonon mode alone (neglecting thermal stress) is shown in the top left insert. Figure 4a shows an example of a smooth AFM TERS tip. {\displaystyle \scriptstyle L_{g}} Phys. Chem Phys Lett 410:136141 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2005.05.003, Saito Y, Ohashi Y, Verma P (2012) Optimization of s-polarization sensitivity in apertureless near-field optical microscopy. In many biological processes, living microorganisms such as bacteria act as biocatalysts. [62] has developed a CARS endoscope for in vivo imaging and demonstrated the instrument with murine adipose tissue and human nervus suralis samples. J Phys Chem B 102:910915 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9734686, Postma HWC, Sellmeijer A, Dekker C (2000) Manipulation and imaging of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes with an atomic force microscope. Figures 9(b) and 9(c) show nm nanodot and nanoline arrays [32], which exhibit a one-twentieth wavelength resolution and half of NSOM probe aperture diameter, respectively. {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \delta n_{0}} Opt. Several methods have been developed to suppress the nonresonant background associated with CARS. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 95:5259 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.01.029, Duboisset J, Berto P, Gasecka P et al (2015) Molecular orientational order probed by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy: A spectral comparative study. These sources have enabled coherent diffractive imaging, where one can image non-crystalline objects in three dimensions on ultrafast timescales, potentially with atomic resolution. Nevertheless, for temperatures lighter than 1 (Ry) the influence of plasma density on the rates is significant. The 3D structuring ability of TPA allows people to realize more bionic structures using femtosecond laser irradiation. Due to the limitation of transition selection rule, the direct transition between singlet and triplet electronic states is forbidden. n 2022 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. g The spectrum is presented according to recommendations of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Realizing a large-scale quantum computer requires hardware platforms that can simultaneously achieve universality, scalability, and fault tolerance. Some of the more advanced STM systems allow high-vacuum and low-temperature measurements [196]. Bioelectric Phenomena. The output signal power is proportional to the input power, scattered in random directions and is dependent on the orientation of the polarisation. Phys Rev A 1:923951 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.1.923, Jerphagnon J, Chemla D, Bonneville R (1978) The description of the physical properties of condensed matter using irreducible tensors. a ii Off-resonance background CARS image at 2770cm1. A sequential writing method with continuous UV radiation that overcomes these problems has been demonstrated and is now used commercially. 6b ii. ) and a change in temperature ( The interaction between a proton and a ground state hydrogen atom is studied using a standard three-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) and a quasi-classical trajectory Monte Carlo (QCTMC) model where the quantum feature of the collision system is mimicking using the model potential in the Hamiltonian as was proposed by Kirschbaum and Wilets (C. L. Kirschbaun, and L. Wilet, Phys. c adapted from [111]. Therefore, a longer visible or near-IR wavelength (500830nm) laser source is often suited for studying organic materials, because of the reduced photoluminescence. The amorphous network of the glass is usually transformed via a different ionization and melting pathway to give either higher index changes or create, through micro-explosions, voids surrounded by more dense glass. Large scale ab initio calculations of the electric contribution (i.e. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Some TERS setups have demonstrated vastly improved signal-to-noise ratio in TERS by SPP nanofocusing [201, 209, 210]. B Basic NumbersNumbersDecimal FractionsApplied MathematicsWord Problem InterestWord Problem InverseWord Problem ProfitWord Problem SpeedWord ProblemsNumber TheoryDivisibilityHCF and LCM. Cleff et al. [162] used a diode-pumped solid-state laser as a monochromatic light source centred at 532nm. When the plasma density increases up to 1020cm3, the bound and free wave functions are distorted which significantly impact the cross sections. {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \delta n_{0}\eta } As shown in Figure 3(c), inspired by the strategies of double laser beam irradiation and LIPAA, Li et al. The nanoscale volume of opposing charge that remains acts as a restoring force on the electrons. is the grating period. Design Geotechnical and Water Resources Engineering Soil mechanics Hydraulic engineering Water supply engineering Transportation Engineering and Surveying Highways engineering Railway engineering Estimation and costing Surveying. Opt Lett 32:1408 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.32.001408, Jiang Z, Leaird DE, Weiner AM (2006) Optical processing based on spectral line-by-line pulse shaping on a phase-modulated CW laser. employability feedback with suggested resources (b) SEM images of morphology evolution of femtosecond laser treated magnesium (Mg) surface with line by line scan and the related photos of coloring effect. Full Stack Developer, Game Developer, Game Programmer, Mobile App Developer, Embedded Software Engineer, Software Architect, Software Developer, Computer and Information Research Scientist, Back End Developer, Software Quality Assurance Engineer. It has been proposed that these gratings could be relabeled type In (for type 1 gratings with a negative index change; type II label could be reserved for those that are distinctly made above the damage threshold of the glass). The cold process effect of the femtosecond laser fabrication allows the surface precision engineering of metals, which is experimentally demonstrated. Phys. Phys Rev B 76:233407 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.233407, Hellerer T, Axng C, Brackmann C et al (2007) Monitoring of lipid storage in Caenorhabditis elegans using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. If the laser power drifts from measurement to measurement, then quantitative comparisons cannot be made easily. This causes the selections rules of Raman scattering to become relaxed, allowing forbidden Raman modes to become visible in the vicinity of the local curvature [219]. 4 and yields: This term contains sum (anti-Stokes) and difference (Stokes) frequencies and demonstrates conservation of momentum as per Eqs. Rev. The module focuses on testing a student on theoretical knowledge as well as practical concepts in the branch of metallurgical engineering. Song, C. Qu, M. Ma, and Q. Zheng, Structural superlubricity based on crystalline materials,, Y. Zhang, D. J. Trainer, B. Narayanan et al., One-dimensional lateral force anisotropy at the atomic scale in sliding single molecules on a surface,, J. Li, T. Chen, T. Chen, and W. Lu, Enhanced frictional performance in gradient nanostructures by strain delocalization,, D. Berman, A. Erdemir, and A. V. Sumant, Approaches for achieving superlubricity in two-dimensional materials,, Z. Ma, X. Liu, X. Xu et al., Bioinspired, highly adhesive, nanostructured polymeric coatings for superhydrophobic fire-extinguishing thermal insulation foam,, Y. Zhao, Y. Su, X. Hou, and M. Hong, Directional sliding of water: biomimetic snake scale surfaces,, L. Ji, X. Lv, Y. Wu, Z. Lin, and Y. Jiang, Hydrophobic light-trapping structures fabricated on silicon surfaces by picosecond laser texturing and chemical etching,, B. Zhang, J. Jie, X. Zhang, X. Ou, and X. Zhang, Large-scale fabrication of silicon nanowires for solar energy applications,, J. Yang, F. Luo, T. S. Kao et al., Design and fabrication of broadband ultralow reflectivity black Si surfaces by laser micro/nanoprocessing,, F. Sima and K. Sugioka, Ultrafast laser manufacturing of nanofluidic systems,, H. Wang, Y. L. Zhang, W. Wang, H. Ding, and H. B. Selective CARS microscopy that combined an 800nm () SPP pump pulse and a 440-nm (2) SPP probe pulse was achieved. WebElectromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. To detect both Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman light, a notch filter centred on the laser wavelength should be used as it allows both shorter and longer wavelengths to be detected. This enhanced near-field effect gives rise to the technique known as SERS and is discussed in the next section. Ault et al. The polarisation is further modified by a quarter-wave plate. B: At. Besides, two-photon sensitizers are still the requirement to guarantee the high efficiency processing. SRS has even been used to observe time-resolved vibrational spectra of the primary isomerisation of retinal in the visual pigment rhodopsin [50]. Phys. Mol. Befitting Job Functions/Profiles:Food Production Executive/Manager, Sales Executive/Manager, etc. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. If we write the electric field associated with the light as follows: an explicit expression for time dependence of \( {P}_j^{(1)} \) can be found by substitution of these two mathematical equations of the monochromatic light and displacement. This enhancement effect is optimised by tuning the plasmons associated wavelength with plasmonically active surface nanostructures. This is achieved by creating a periodic variation in the refractive index of the fiber core, which generates a wavelength-specific dielectric mirror. Hofer et al. Therefore, femtosecond laser irradiation is one of the most excellent and prospective processing methods for precision engineering. Due to the required coherence of the process, high-peak power pulsed tuneable laser sources are employed. [32], Matching fibers for improved pump coupling requires optimization of the clad diameter for both the passive and the active fiber. CARS is invariably performed with two synchronised picosecond laser sources owing to the coherence life time of Raman resonance. To this end, we attempt to consolidate the literature by providing a non-exhaustive summary and critical analysis. Polarisation dependent TERS is enabled by the large incidence angle from the high-NA objective lens and the use of devices that modify the polarisation state of the light such as a /2 waveplate [190]. f (left) illustration of the manipulation of a straight isolated carbon nanotube (CNT) lying on a glass substrate by the sharp apex of an AFM tip. In coherent nonlinear optics, polarised second harmonic generation [69,70,71], polarised third harmonic generation [72] and polarised four-wave mixing [73, 74] have already been used to recover orientational information on endogeneous proteins and lipids in biological tissues. Hence, a piezo actuated nano-positioner is used for positioning of the specimen. CARS microscopy has been successfully applied to live-cell imaging [51, 54], skeletal stem cells [55], tracing toxic nanomaterials in biological tissues [56], volumetric imaging of human somatic cell division [57], flow cytometry [58, 59], detection of brain tumours [60] and tracking organelle transport in living cells [61]. Hence, longer wavelengths of light require longer acquisition times [1, 6]. The interaction of laser with the material is mainly concluded as the absorption of photon-induced electronic excitation. Large amplitude of the driving field is beneficial for observing the symmetry breaking of interband HHG. However longer wavelength (near-IR) Raman spectroscopy requires side-mode suppression ratios within a few hundreds of pm from the main peak. Point-by-point is also used in the fabrication of tilted gratings. Venezuela et al. {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \Delta \lambda _{B}} Detailed Syllabus: Opt. Hyperspectral images are obtained by raster scanning the sample. c ii Reprinted from [199] with permission from IOP. Normally, a typical TPA process requires the target material to absorb two photons, with similar or different frequencies, synchronously to achieve sufficient photon energy, which can lead molecules to high energy states. Furthermore, natural musculoskeletal systems are widely considered a feasible and advanced way to fabricate robust and flexible microbots. Figure 5b shows representative Raman spectra for single- and few-layer MoS2 samples. The measurement technique was remarked to have little effect on the lipid order properties during the measurement. The pump and Stokes beams are synchronously pulse picked through two Bragg cells to reduce the repetition rate of the pulse trains to several hundred kilohertz, thus avoiding photodamage of the sample while still maintaining high-peak power for CARS generation. 5b i show strong in-plane \( {E}_{2g}^1 \) and out-of-plane A1gvibration signals. 2021, Article ID 9783514, 22 pages, 2021. https://doi.org/10.34133/2021/9783514, 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore. Wavelength drift is also problematic from measurement to measurement as it causes peaks to shift, in turn making comparisons between measurements difficult. Phys. [155] demonstrated simultaneous nanofocusing of ultra-fast SPP pulses at 440 and 800nm, which were coupled with a common diffraction grating structure. AMPI measures five broad based traits: In this module, the candidate has to fix logical/syntax error of the code or complete the given code by reusing existing functions. However, visible lasers in the blue and green (e.g. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. J Am Chem Soc. As mentioned, PR-CARS schemes often involve long acquisition times due to limits imposed by polarisation tuning and time-consuming post-processing. However, it requires the substrates have a smooth surface since the working distances of such strategies are mostly within a wavelength. The biological and medical fields of research are greatly impacted by the development of Raman spectroscopy as it is a label-free (does not require fluorescent marker molecules [29, 30]) chemically selective hyperspectral imaging technique [31]. a i Smooth metallic (silver; Ag) film-coated dielectric (silicon-dioxide; SiO2) atomic force microscope (AFM) tip. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b01426, Fu Y, Kuppe C, Valev VK et al (2017) Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: A facile and rapid method for the chemical component study of individual atmospheric aerosol. [259] can considerably improve the signal-to-noise ratio in CARS imaging. Nature 121:501502 https://doi.org/10.1038/121501c0, Das RS, Agrawal YK (2011) Raman spectroscopy: recent advancements, techniques and applications. We consider coherent population transfer in multilevel quantum systems driven by time-delayed pulse trains. Befitting Job Functions/Profiles:Instrumentation Engineer, Automation Engineer, Research Scientist, Design Engineer, Plant Engineer, Process Engineer, Maintenance Engineer, etc. In a more recent publication, seminal work by Tomita et al. The image has a spatial resolution better than 20nm which is about 25 times finer than the diffraction limit of the excitation wavelength of light (488nm). The output power stability of the source is important for similar reasons. The strength and resolution of TERS depends on the ability of the tip to enhance and confine the light field at the tips apex, respectively. Reprinted with permission from [155]. Figure 6b iii shows the CPCA scatter plot of the cell mixture measured by Zhang et al. The fundamental principle behind the operation of an FBG is Fresnel reflection, where light traveling between media of different refractive indices may both reflect and refract at the interface. This module evaluates the candidates on their knowledge and understanding of the subject of Telecommunication and its applications. The module tests particular areas of candidates strength and identifies whether the candidate is suited for a specialist or a generalist profile in HR. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100:98269830 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1732202100, Zimmerley M, Younger R, Valenton T et al (2010) Molecular orientation in dry and hydrated cellulose fibers: a coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy study. If the laser light is not filtered out, it can go on to generate Raman in the detection arm of the set-up and drown out the desired Raman signal when it reaches the spectrometer. Springer-Verlag, New York, Kukura P, McCamant DW, Yoon S et al (2005) Structural observation of the primary isomerization in vision with femtosecond-stimulated Raman. The peak reflection ( To maximize the amount of pump power coupled into the active fiber, the active fiber is designed with a slightly larger clad diameter than the passive fibers delivering the pump power. As with SERS, two field enhancement mechanisms are thought to contribute to the Raman signal: EM and chemical enhancement [86]. Although the femtosecond laser is called as cold process, there are still considerable thermal effects at high repetition rates and high laser fluences. With high laser fluence irradiation, the high density of generated electrons leads to numerous electron-hole recombination via Auger processes. This process can increase Raman generation by a factor of 108 to 1011 [86, 141,142,143,144]. Befitting Job Functions/Profiles:Accounting Managers, Corporate Controllers, Chief Financial Officers, Treasurers and Finance Officers, Cash Managers, Management Consultants. Our ndings show the possibility of engineering long live Floquet states in translation-invariant quantum systems. Suppressing the participation of transmitted far-field light reduces the unfavourable background signal. The module focuses on testing a student on theoretical and practical concepts of design, development and implementation of new production processes, information and control systems, computer controlled inspection, assembly and handling. However, the evanescent waves can only work near the substrate surface, which limits its ability of large area nanofabrication. The calculations are performed for $^2\Sigma^+$, $^2\Pi$ and $^2\Delta$ total symmetries using the {\em ab initio} R-matrix method for both bound and continuum states. Figure 8b ii shows a composite image of three 2-CARS images of the MWCNT using the 2-CARS spectrum from D- (red), G- (blue), and 2D- (green) bands. The agglomerative clustering procedure ( = 3) allowed the quantification of ~7100 PMMA bead (red), ~3400 PS beads (blue) and ~3600 PCL beads (green) as shown in Fig. Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine the layer thickness in two-dimensional materials with atomic level precision, using either the inter-layer or intra-layer vibrational modes [19]. Polarisation-resolved CARS (PR-CARS) requires monitoring of the CARS signal response depending on the relative rotation of the incident light polarisations (pump and Stokes) to the sample, in species with ordered orientations. Nano Lett 6:26672673 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl061420a, Ferrari AC, Meyer JC, Scardaci V et al (2006) Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Sun, T. Tanaka, and K. Takada, Finer features for functional microdevices,, Z. C. Ma, Y. L. Zhang, B. Han, Q. D. Chen, and H. B. Using the femtosecond laser direct writing, Liao et al. Opt Express 17:22879 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.022879, Camp Charles HJ, Yegnanarayanan S, Eftekhar AA, Adibi A (2011) Label-free flow cytometry using multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (MCARS) for the analysis of biological specimens. Orientational order is a salient feature of many soft matter systems. By convention, Raman spectra are considered in terms of the wavenumber \( \overset{\sim }{\nu } \) in units of cm1. The Raman light is analysed by a spectrometer and a charge-coupled device (CCD). Proc R Soc London Ser A Math Phys Sci 275:218232 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1963.0166, Loudon R (1964) The Raman effect in crystals. Rev. [27][28], Recently the development of high power fiber lasers has generated a new set of applications for fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), operating at power levels that were previously thought impossible. > Forgotten your password? Three different wavelength picosecond pulse trains were provided by the time lens source, at 1064.3nm (stable), 10521055nm (tuneable) and 10401050nm (tuneable). An interrogation circuit of AFBS is significantly simplified in comparison with conventional interrogators and consists of a broadband optical source, an optical filter with a predefined linear inclined frequency response, and a photodetector.[19][20]. In combining with an NSOM and a 400nm femtosecond laser of 100fs pulse duration, Lin et al. ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Mol. It means the laser irradiation in near field is a way to break the optical diffraction limit and bring the surface nanomanufacturing down to 100nm. The visible to near-infrared wavelength range ( = 500830m) is particularly suitable for inorganic materials (e.g. 48 202001. The formation of highly absorbing nanotextured interfaces via femtosecond laser-induced photochemical reactions is already known to process various materials [6365]. The overlapping of the orthogonal polarized dual-femtosecond laser beams leads to the direction of nanoline structures almost parallel to the scanning direction, regardless of the scanning path. Toma et al. 101Tbit/s (370 channels at 273Gbit/s each) on a single core. Basic programming Control Structures conditional statements Linear data structures Advanced data structures Sorting and searching algorithms, This module requires a candidate to apply the principles and laws, involved in various topics such as Newtons laws, Electromagnetic theories etc, to real world situations. Typically the grating period is the same size as the Bragg wavelength, as shown above. acknowledges support from the Royal Society through the University Research Fellowships, Science and Technology Facilities Council and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. The Stokes Raman lines are shown on the left-hand side of the plot (Fig. However, the existence of a common environment often requires the physical proximity of the qubits and hence results in direct dipolar coupling between the qubits. B: At. Phys. Type I gratings are the most commonly used of all grating types, and the only types of grating available off-the-shelf at the time of writing. Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is more attractive than other 3D printing strategies due to its unique approach capable of achieving around 100nm resolution to fabricate smaller structures. {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \lambda _{B}} Kasevich and Chu [41] demonstrated a matter-wave interferometer with laser-cooled sodium atoms using the mechanical effects of stimulated Raman transitions. A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of distributed Bragg reflector constructed in a short segment of optical fiber that reflects particular wavelengths of light and transmits all others. Phys. Anal Chim Acta 893:113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.010, Xu LJ, Lei ZC, Li J et al (2015) Label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection of DNA with single-base sensitivity. The laser-induced electron-hole pairs have a considerable kinetic energy , which instantly deliveries to the lattice vibrations and results in the heating of the semiconductor. Science 306:985986 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104976, Knobloch H, Brunner H, Leitner A et al (1993) Probing the evanescent field of propagating plasmon surface polaritons by fluorescence and Raman spectroscopies. Process Metallurgy Fuels and furnaces mineral beneficiation Non Ferrous Technology - Iron and steel Metallurgical thermodynamics Industrial Metallurgy Metal casting, joining and forming Corrosion science Physical Metallurgy Non ferrous materials Phase transformation and heat treatment Material testing and characterization. It is the hope of the author that this review attract more contributors to the field and promote its extension to the promising technology of integrated quantum photonics. The state evolution is described with a simple, semiclassical model. Raman resonances typically have coherence times of ~1ps. Often, only very few sites exhibit the highest SERS enhancement and the variability in size and shape can alter the plasmonic properties from the desired LSPR [85]. The transition from the virtual excited state to the final state can occur at any point in time and to any possible final state based on probability. Phys Rev Lett 96:113002 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.113002, Stockman MI (2004) Nanofocusing of optical energy in tapered plasmonic waveguides. e Reprinted from [218]. Since the photon energy of femtosecond laser (1.55eV) is much smaller than the electronic bandgap of glass (5eV), in this case, the MPA induced by the nonlinear effect significantly narrows the laser ablation area, which leads to the noncrack surface nanofabrication on the glass substrate. Science 297:820822 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1071895, Campion A, Kambhampati P (1998) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering. SFM-based TERS is also an attractive technique and maintains many of the properties of AFM-based TERS with the exception of the tip material which resembles similar TERS properties of STM-based TERS [86, 156, 207, 208]. Capitaine et al. For example, in 1974, Fleischmann et al. Third-order nonlinear optical interactions (i.e. e ii Schematic of the tip structure for SPP nanofocusing which is composed of a SiO2 pyramidal structure (AFM tip) and a Ag film on the surface. Chem Soc Rev 27:241 https://doi.org/10.1039/a827241z, Zaleski S, Wilson AJ, Mattei M et al (2016) Investigating nanoscale electrochemistry with surface- and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. the probe light shown in Fig. The Raman effect originates from the inelastic scattering of light, and it can directly probe vibration/rotational-vibration states in molecules and materials. Oulundsen, G., Farley, K. , Abramczyk, J. and Wei, K. "Fiber for fiber lasers: Matching active and passive fibers improves fiber laser performance", Laser Focus World, Vol 48 Jan 2012. interference pattern of ultraviolet laser light, "Multi-Wavelength Ultra-Weak Fiber Bragg Grating Arrays for Long-Distance Quasi-Distributed Sensing", "Single-Pulse Bragg Gratings Written During Fibre Drawing", "100-Percent Reflectivity Bragg Reflectors Produced in Optical Fibres By Single Excimer-Laser Pulses", "Protective coatings of fiber Bragg grating for minimizing of mechanical impact on its wavelength characteristics", "Modelling and record technologies of address fibre Bragg structures based on two identical ultra-narrow gratings with different central wavelengths", "Point-by-point inscription of fiber Bragg gratings into birefringent optical fiber through protective acrylate coating by Ti:Sa femtosecond laser", "1-kilowatt CW all-fiber laser oscillator pumped with wavelength-beam-combined diode stacks", "Analysis of the scalability of diffraction-limited fiber lasers and amplifiers to high average power", http://www.nufern.com/library/item/id/391/, Bragg gratings in Subsea infrastructure monitoring, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiber_Bragg_grating&oldid=1117766083, Short description with empty Wikidata description, Articles needing expert attention from December 2011, Physics articles needing expert attention, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 October 2022, at 13:14.
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