DDT is a prime example, but other synthetic pesticidesmany of which are subject to bioaccumulationare scrutinized. [87][88], In 1967 George Newson composed the tape composition Silent Spring using birdsong recorded at London Zoo as source material. Additional information concerning this requirement can be found on the FCC's website at Accessibility of Emergency Information on Television. For additional information concerning this requirement, see https://www.fcc.gov/television-and-set-top-box-controls-menus-program-guides. The First Amendment, as well as Section 326 of the Communications Act, prohibits the Commission from censoring broadcast material and from interfering with freedom of expression in broadcasting. TV stations make these announcements on-screen or by voice only. . Submission of an audio or video tape, CD, DVD or other recording or transcript of the complained-of material is not required but is helpful, as is the specific name of the program, the on-air personality, song, or film, and the city and state in which the complainant saw or heard the broadcast. For additional information about the underwriting rules, see https://www.fcc.gov/eb/broadcast/enhund and https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/nature-of-educational-broadcasting. The world has heard much of the triumphant war against disease through the control of insect vectors of infection, but it has heard little of the other side of the storythe defeats, the short-lived triumphs that now strongly support the alarming view that the insect enemy has been made actually stronger by our efforts. [7] In addition, independent labels are often artist-owned (although not always), with a stated intent often being to control the quality of the artist's output. Although, for the reasons discussed earlier, the Commission is generally prohibited from regulating broadcast content, the courts have held that the FCCs regulation of obscene and indecent programming is constitutional because of societys interest in protecting children from potentially harmful programming and supporting parents ability to determine the programming their children will be exposed to at home. The term indie label is sometimes used to refer to only those independent labels that adhere to independent criteria of corporate structure and size, and some consider an indie label to be almost any label that releases non-mainstream music, regardless of its corporate structure. Employment Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO). [5], In the mid-1940s, Carson became concerned about the use of synthetic pesticides, many of which had been developed through the military funding of science after World War II. The Communications Act. [22], Podcasting, once an obscure method of spreading audio information, has become a recognized medium for distributing audio content, whether for corporate or personal use. Shane, Peter, Merrill, Richard; Mashaw, Jerry (2003). The Food and Drug Administration has primary responsibility for the safety of food and drug products. However, that notification is not necessary when the other party knows that the conversation will be broadcast or this knowledge can be reasonably presumed, such as when the party is associated with the station (for example, as an employee or part-time reporter) or originates the call during a program during which the station customarily broadcasts the calls. The latest Lifestyle | Daily Life news, tips, opinion and advice from The Sydney Morning Herald covering life and relationships, beauty, fashion, health & wellbeing It was foreseeable that broadcasting the false information would cause such harm. End the rulemaking proceeding without adopting any rules at all. Before we can renew a stations license, we must first determine whether, during the preceding license term, the licensee has served the public interest, has not committed any serious violations of the Communications Act or the FCCs rules, and has not committed other violations which, taken together, would constitute a pattern of abuse. Consumer Inquiries and Complaints Division Examples of fiction podcasts include The Bright Sessions, The Magnus Archives, Homecoming, Wooden Overcoats , We're Alive and Wolverine: The Long Night. These efforts must include information and assistance sufficiently specific to enable the complaining party to eliminate all blanketing interference and not simply an attempt by the station to correct the problems. For that reason, labels now have to be more relaxed with the development of artists because longevity is the key to these types of pact. FCC Regulation of Broadcast Radio and TelevisionThe Licensing of TV and Radio Stations These decisions are the station licensees responsibility. She spoke as much as she could, and appeared on The Today Show and gave speeches at several dinners held in her honor. Material terms, include those factors that define the operation of the contest and affect participation, such as entry deadlines, the prizes that can be won, and how winners will be selected. Commercial and Noncommercial Educational Stations Phone: (202) 418-1600 Distributors and providers must enable the rendering or pass through of all required captions to the end user. An imprint is sometimes marketed as being a "project", "unit", or "division" of a record label, even though there is no legal business structure associated with the imprint. PolyGram was merged into Universal Music Group (UMG) in 1999, leaving the rest to be known as the Big Five. [83], Some experts have said that restrictions placed on the agricultural use of DDT have increased its effectiveness for malaria control. Additional information about the Commissions Offices and Bureaus, including their respective functions, can be found on our website by selecting Browse by Bureaus and Offices at https://www.fcc.gov/. In contrast, NCE stations generally meet their operating expenses with contributions received from listeners and viewers, and also may receive government funding. Criticism, Ridicule, and Humor Concerning Individuals, Groups, and Institutions. [75], A video podcast is a podcast that contains video content. [15], As her research progressed, Carson found a sizable community of scientists who were documenting the physiological and environmental effects of pesticides. Shared Services Agreements In addition, the label also offers the artist a 30 percent cut of the label's album profitsif anywhich represents an improvement from the typical industry royalty of 15 percent. Vanity labels are labels that bear an imprint that gives the impression of an artist's ownership or control, but in fact represent a standard artist/label relationship. To be obscene, the material must have all of the following three characteristics: Indecent Material. For additional information concerning this requirement, see https://www.fcc.gov/television-and-set-top-box-controls-menus-program-guides. At the close of this period, the licensee must renew its stations license. In the mid-2000s, some music publishing companies began undertaking the work traditionally done by labels. Carson attended the White House Conference on Conservation in May 1962; Houghton Mifflin distributed proof copies of Silent Spring to many of the delegates and promoted the upcoming serialization in The New Yorker. "[84], Silent Spring has been featured in many lists of the best nonfiction books of the twentieth century. In general, we also do not regulate information provided over the Internet, nor do we intervene in private disputes involving broadcast stations or their licensees. [15] Constitutionally, Congress can only remove officers through impeachment proceedings. The Public and Broadcasting Manual [66], Former Vice President of the United States and environmentalist Al Gore wrote an introduction to the 1992 edition of Silent Spring. The FCC and Freedom of Speech E-pakalpojums Pieteikans personu apliecinoa dokumenta izsnieganai uz laiku no 2022.gada 3.janvra ldz 2022.gada 31.decembrim tiek slgts. The FCCs Structure and the Media Bureau At the request of 39 members of the U.S. House of Representatives, the FCC conducted a proceeding asking the publics comment on violent programming. We also prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. (The requirements for the EEO portion of the public file are discussed further in this Manual.) The FCC was created by Congress in the Communications Act for the purpose of regulating interstate and foreign commerce in communication by wire and radio so as to make available, so far as possible, to all the people of the United States, without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex, a rapid, efficient, Nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio communications service . Major versus independent record labels. FCC Authorizations In preparation for the anticipated attacks, Carson and her agent attempted to amass prominent supporters before the book's release. As required by the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, the FCC has adopted rules to require some, but not all, television programs to include audio description. The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Cable Television - Where to File Complaints Regarding Cable Service, Online Public Inspection File Access and Information, Public, Educational, and Governmental Access Channels ("PEG Channels"), Television Broadcast Stations on Satellite, Video Competition and Price Survey Reports. [20], In October 2000, the concept of attaching sound and video files in RSS feeds was proposed in a draft by Tristan Louis. [10][11] Carson later wrote that this letter prompted her to study the environmental problems caused by chemical pesticides. Broadcasters are required to upload only those items required to be in the public file but not otherwise filed with the Commission or available in a Commission database. 1965: Bchergilde Gutenberg. Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. Before you file a petition to deny an application, you should check our rules and policies to make sure that your petition complies with our procedural requirements. Our EEO recruitment rules have three prongs. [11][14] In extreme cases, record labels can prevent the release of an artist's music for years, while also declining to release the artist from his or her contract, leaving the artist in a state of limbo. Until then, the USDA was responsible both for regulating pesticides and promoting the concerns of the agriculture industry; Carson saw this as a conflict of interest, since the agency was not responsible for effects on wildlife or other environmental concerns beyond farm policy. [5], A podcast generator maintains a central list of the files on a server as a web feed that one can access through the Internet. Loud Commercials. ", "Will the iPod Kill the Radio Star? [74][67] In 2009, the heavily corporate-funded[75][76][77] libertarian think tank Competitive Enterprise Institute set up a website falsely blaming Carson for deaths to malaria. Because the Commission cannot dictate to licensees what programming they air, each individual radio and TV station licensee generally has discretion to select what its station broadcasts and to otherwise determine how it can best serve its community of license. Silent Spring became a rallying point for the new social movement in the 1960s. [35] This brought the book to the attention of the chemical industry and its lobbyists, as well as the American public. If an NCE asks for carriage, then a copy of the request must be kept in the public file for the duration of time the request covers. For example, an episodic series of digital audio or video files that a user can download to a personal device to listen to at a time of their choosing. They also must broadcast these announcements every hour, as close to the start of the hour as possible, at a natural programming break. In the early days of the recording industry, recording labels were absolutely necessary for the success of any artist. Additional information on the IP closed captioning requirements can be found on the FCCs website, https://www.fcc.gov/general/closed-captioning-video-programming-delivered-using-internet-protocol-ip. [89], In 2011, the American composer Steven Stucky wrote the eponymously titled symphonic poem Silent Spring to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the book's publication. Ownership Reports and Related Material Ruckelshaus' conclusion was that DDT could not be used safely. The Commissions rules impose certain obligations on licensees to resolve these interference complaints. Inlight of the widespread concern about obscene, indecent, profane, violent, or otherwise objectionable programming, in 1996 Congress passed a law to require TV sets with screens 13 inches or larger to be equipped with a V-Chip a device that allows parents to program their sets to block TV programming that carries a certain rating. A station that broadcasts or advertises information about a contest that it conducts must fully and accurately disclose the material terms of the contest and must conduct the contest substantially as announced or advertised over-the-air or on the Internet. Closed captioning is hidden as encoded data transmitted within the television signal. This assistance entails providing specific details about proper corrective measures to resolve the blanketing interference. The president appoints the commissioners or board members, subject to Senate confirmation, but they often serve terms that are staggered and longer than a four-year presidential term,[9] meaning that most presidents will not have the opportunity to appoint all the commissioners of a given independent agency. Certain digital devices must make built-in functions that are used to receive, play back, or display programs accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired. Dead End Days, a serialized dark comedy about zombies released from October 31, 2003, through 2004, is commonly believed to be the first video podcast.[76]. If your concerns are not resolved, with the exception of complaints about obscene, indecent, or profane programming, which should be submitted in the manner described previously -- and complaints about blanketing interference discussed earlier -- the best way to provide all the information the FCC needs to process your complaint about other broadcast matters is to fully complete an on-line complaint at https://consumercomplaints.fcc.gov/hc/en-us. [32] The form is also acclaimed for its low overhead for a creator to start and maintain their show, merely requiring a good-quality microphone, a computer or mobile device and associated software to edit and upload the final product, and some form of acoustic quieting. [35] Lawyers for Apple contended that the term "pod" has been used by the public to refer to Apple's music player so extensively that it falls under Apple's trademark cover. [33], Between February March 10 and 25, 2005, Shae Spencer Management, LLC of Fairport, New York filed a trademark application to register the term "podcast" for an "online prerecorded radio program over the internet". Subliminal programming is designed to be perceived on a subconscious level only. As she was nearing full recovery in March, she discovered cysts in her left breast, requiring a mastectomy. They deliver a fictional story, usually told over multiple episodes and seasons, using multiple voice actors, dialogue, sound effects, and music to enrich the story. In such an arrangement, the artist will control nothing more than the usage of the name on the label, but may enjoy a greater say in the packaging of his or her work. The public can access a stations public inspection file at https://publicfiles.fcc.gov. Applications to Build New Stations: Length of the License Period. In the late 1950s, Carson began to work on environmental conservation, especially environmental problems that she believed were caused by synthetic pesticides. [48][49], In one of her last public appearances, Carson testified before President John F. Kennedy's Science Advisory Committee, which issued its report on May 15, 1963, largely backing Carson's scientific claims. The annual EEO public file report must also be posted on a stations website, if one exists. Turn!, Turn!".[9]. Program owners must send program files to distributors and providers with all required captions and use an agreed upon mechanism to inform the distributors and providers of the programming that is subject to the requirements. [14][15] Artists who have had disputes with their labels over ownership and control of their music have included Taylor Swift,[16] Tinashe,[17] Megan Thee Stallion,[18] Kelly Clarkson,[19] Thirty Seconds to Mars,[20] Clipse,[21] Ciara,[22] JoJo,[15] Michelle Branch,[23] Kesha,[24] Kanye West,[25] Lupe Fiasco,[26] Paul McCartney,[27] and Johnny Cash.[28]. Serving under the Commissioners are a number of Offices and operating Bureaus. Depending on the nature of the advertisement, you should contact these agencies regarding advertisements that you believe may be false or misleading. The FCCs broadcast rules are contained in Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 73 (broadcast, including AM, FM, LPFM, and TV) and 74 (auxiliary broadcast, including low power TV and translator stations). Part 2: Response to Silent Spring", "2003 National Women's History Month Honorees: Rachel Carson", "The Writing of "Silent Spring": Rachel Carson and the Culture-Shifting Courage to Speak Inconvenient Truth to Power", : (): 1964, "Rachel Carson Didn't Kill Millions of Africans", "Bate and Switch: How a free-market magician manipulated two decades of environmental science", "Anatomy of a Washington dinner: Who funds the Competitive Enterprise Institute? FCC Regulation of Broadcast Radio and Television. [17] Some sources have suggested the backronym "portable on demand"[18] or "play on demand"[19] for POD to avoid the loose reference to the iPod. Audio description is provided through the TV or set-top box secondary audio feature, which some TV controls identify as SAP or secondary audio program. Your TV user manual may provide information about activating the secondary audio feature. These files may then be uploaded to streaming services, which users can listen to on their smartphones or digital music and multimedia players, like an iPod. Complaints about interference involving radio stations are handled by the Media Bureaus Audio Division. Our experienced journalists want to glorify God in what we do. In addition to (or instead of) filing a complaint, you can file a petition to deny or an informal objection to an application that a station licensee has filed, such as a license renewal application. A PDF version of this document is available HERE. As is the case with most other federal agencies, the FCC generally cannot adopt or change rules without first describing or publishing the proposed rules and asking the public for comment. https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/how-comment, https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/digital-radio, https://www.fcc.gov/media/television/broadcast-television-license-renewal for television, https:www.fcc.gov/media/radio/broadcast-radio-license-renewal, https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/filing-informal-complaint, https://www.fcc.gov/proceedings-actions/daily-digest, https://www.fcc.gov/media/policy/political-programming, https://consumercomplaints.fcc.gov/hc/en-us. [74] Podcast novelists have commented that podcasting their novels lets them build audiences even if they cannot get a publisher to buy their books. However, frequently independent artists manage a return by recording for a much smaller production cost of a typical big label release. Educational and Informational Programming There was another round of publicity in July and August as chemical companies responded. Networks, broadcasters, and subscription TV systems may provide information about the availability of programs with audio description through their websites and in program guides. Purpose of the File. Commercial stations usually support themselves through the sale of advertising. [29] The first goal of any new artist or band was to get signed to a contract as soon as possible. Requirement to Maintain a Public Inspection File. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. The Federal Trade Commission has primary responsibility for determining whether an advertisement is false or deceptive and for taking action against the sponsor. As discussed further in this Manual, broadcast licensees must periodically make available detailed information about the programming they air to meet the needs and problems of their communities, which can be found in each stations public file. For example, an episodic series of digital audio or video files that a user can download to a personal device to listen to at a time of their choosing. Velsicol threatened legal action against Houghton Mifflin, and The New Yorker and Audubon Magazine unless their planned Silent Spring features were canceled. However, such definitions are complicated by the corporate mergers that occurred in 1989 (when Island was sold to PolyGram) and 1998 (when PolyGram merged with Universal). The constituent companies in a music group or record group are sometimes marketed as being "divisions" of the group. The Commission applies these limits to all video programming, free or pay, directed to children 12 and under. A record label, or record company, is a brand or trademark of music recordings and music videos, or the company that owns it. [93], 1962 book by Rachel Carson on the environment, Debate over environmentalism and DDT restrictions, Josie Glausiusz. Use of high gain antennas or antenna booster amplifiers; Mobile receivers, including but not limited to car radios, portable stereos or cellular phones; Non-radio frequency (RF) devices, including but not limited to, tape recorders, CD players, MP3 players or land-line telephones; and. Stations must air identification announcements when they sign on and off for the day. Licensees are responsible for selecting their entertainment programming, as well as programs concerning local issues, news, public affairs, religion, sports events, and other subjects. No one since would be able to sell pollution as the necessary underside of progress so easily or uncritically. Many artists, early in their careers, create their own labels which are later bought out by a bigger company. [57], The book's Italian title is Primavera silenziosa. [3][8][9], The impetus for Silent Spring was a letter written in January 1958 by Carson's friend, Olga Owens Huckins, to The Boston Herald, describing the death of birds around her property in Duxbury, Massachusetts, resulting from the aerial spraying of DDT to kill mosquitoes, a copy of which Huckins sent to Carson. No federal law prohibits the broadcast by stations of requests for funds for legal purposes (including appeals by stations for contributions to meet their operating expenses), if the money or other contributions are used for the announced purposes. EzineArticles.com allows expert authors in hundreds of niche fields to get massive levels of exposure in exchange for the submission of their quality original articles. A podcast novel (also known as a "serialized audiobook" or "podcast audiobook") is a literary form that combines the concepts of a podcast and an audiobook. There are three applications of this separation principle: 1) bumpers between program and advertising content (e.g., and now for a commercial break); 2) the host selling policy, which prohibits the use of program talent to deliver commercials; and 3) program-length commercials (PLC), which the Commission defines as a program associated with a product in which commercials for that product are aired (when a PLC occurs, then the entire program is considered a commercial). An issue of concern to the public over the years has been violent television programming and the negative impact this broadcast material may have on children. Washington, D.C. 20554 The Commissions home page (www.fcc.gov) contains additional information about the FCCs rules, current FCC proceedings, and other issues. The FCC requires certain apparatus that receive, play back, or record video programming to make available a secondary audio stream for providing video description services and accessible emergency information. Equal Opportunities In this regard, the Commission has observed that the public interest is best served by permitting free expression of views. However, the right to broadcast material is not absolute. An ebook (short for electronic book), also known as an e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. This process can be automated to download new files automatically, so it may seem to listeners as though podcasters broadcast or "push" new episodes to them. [34], Though Silent Spring had generated a fairly high level of interest based on pre-publication promotion, this became more intense with its serialization, which began in the June 16, 1962, issue. [64] History professor Gary Kroll wrote, "Rachel Carson's Silent Spring played a large role in articulating ecology as a 'subversive subject'as a perspective that cuts against the grain of materialism, scientism, and the technologically engineered control of nature. Childrens Television Programming. The book was met with fierce opposition by chemical companies, but it swayed public opinion and led to a reversal in U.S. pesticide policy, a nationwide ban on DDT for agricultural uses,[2] and an environmental movement that led to the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. By mid-1962, Brooks and Carson had largely finished the editing and were planning to promote the book by sending the manuscript to select individuals for final suggestions. [11] Record labels generally do this because they believe that the album will sell better if the artist complies with the label's desired requests or changes. The station licensee knew that the information was false; Broadcasting the false information directly causes substantial public harm; and. How to Resolve Blanketing Interference Problems. Audio description is audio-narrated descriptions of a television programs key visual elements. Acceptable enhanced underwriting acknowledgements of for-profit donors or underwriters may include: (1) logograms and slogans that identify but do not promote; (2) location information; (3) value-neutral descriptions of a product line or service; and (4) brand names, trade names, and product service listings. For purposes of the commercial limits, commercial matter is airtime sold for purposes of selling a product or service and promotions of television programs or video programming services other than childrens or other age-appropriate programming appearing on the same channel, or promotions for childrens educational and informational programming appearing on any channel. The FCC was created by Congress in the Communications Act for the purpose of regulating interstate and foreign commerce in communication by wire and radio so as to make available, so far as possible, to all the people of the United States, without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or Before a party can build a new TV or radio station, it first must apply to the FCC for a construction permit. Additional information about the audio description requirements can be found on our website at https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/audio-description. [47] Within a year of publication, attacks on the book and on Carson had lost momentum. Although this made access to podcasts more convenient and widespread, it also effectively ended advancement of podcatchers by independent developers. Each commercial and noncommercial station also must maintain a public inspection file on the FCCs website https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/ that contains these reports, as well as other materials pertaining to the stations operations and dealings with the FCC and with the community it is licensed to serve. Renewal Applications. The remaining Core Programming hours under Category B (up to 52 hours annually) may consist of Core Programs that are not aired on a regularly scheduled weekly basis, including educational specials, other non-regularly scheduled programming, and regularly scheduled non-weekly programming, and short-form programming, such as public service announcements and interstitials. https://www.fcc.gov/proceedings-actions/daily-digest. Broadcast Journalism Audio Description. For example, casino gambling is generally considered to be a lottery subject to the terms of the advertising restriction although, as discussed below, the prohibition is not applied to truthful advertisements for lawful casino gambling.
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independent radio promotion companies