beck depression inventory pros and cons

(2005). . A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. The internal consistency of each factor and the general scale was assessed using Cronbach's coefficient. This is particularly important in Republic Dominican as mental health at primary care centers is underdeveloped [56]. Eur Psychiatry. Braz J Psychiatry. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. Secondly, to examine the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic. In order to compare the fit of the models, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was also considered. The Beck Depression Test is a type of psychological test which is used to measure the intensity of mental depression. Leigh, I.W., & Anthony-Tolbert, S. (2001). The BDI-II has been referenced in 586 publications in peer-reviewed journal articles. Yes Carmody (2005) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with a diverse group of college students. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. Therefore, findings cannot be generalized and further replication in both representative samples from general population and clinical samples are needed. No, Is the Subject Area "Research assessment" applicable to this article? 4. Or not? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(2), 94-99. Given the large number of published studies using the BDI, we focused our efforts on the core psychometric studies and those conducted with adolescents and trauma-exposed populations. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. If you are looking for a quick and easy way to take the Beck Depression Inventory or if you are a doctor looking to give it to your patients, there are a few versions available: It is important to note that the official BDI is copyrighted and available on Pearson's website. Read our. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. (2005) factor analyzed data from a low-income African American outpatient sample. The internal consistency of the BDI-II was 0.9, which means that the items on the questionnaire relate to each other and measure the same construct. Several versions of the BDI tool exist. Grothe, K.B., Dutton, G.R., Jones, GN., Bodenlos, J., Ancona, M., & Brantley, P.J. Analyses of adolescents have identified different but related factor solutions (see below). Items are on a four-point scale that ranges from 0 to 3. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11(2), 99-112. The Spanish adaption of Becks Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II): Psychometric properties in the general population/Adapatacin espaola del Inventario para la Depresin de Beck-II (BDI-II): Propriedades psicomtricas en poblacin general. For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) I am blue or sad all the time and I cant snap out of it and (2b) I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful. They also interpreted their findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be more effective in non-clinical populations. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 127-137. Below is a sampling of some of these articles: Offers FREE continuing education (CE) credits and e-learning resources. including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburgh Sleep . The BDI has also been found to be related to the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Survey and to a measure of alexithymia in a sample of Turkish adolescents (Sayar, Kose, Grabe, & Murat, 2005). These two factors have been identified using the BDI-II with adult outpatients. They also found similar factor structures for both groups, providing evidence of factoral validity. Penley, Wiebe, & Nwosu (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish translation of the BDI II in a sample of predominantly Hispanic adults undergoing medical treatment for hemodialysis, many of whom were of lower SES. 2021;27(4):603-612. doi:10.1177/1352458520921073, Fried EI, van Borkulo CD, Epskamp S, Schoevers RA, Tuerlinckx F, Borsboom D. Measuring depression over time . 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted Chron Respir Dis. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. Background: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. From a practical standpoint, the lack of assessment tools for depression may not make available protocols for early identification of depression symptoms at primary care units. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. However, findings show that the bifactor model consisting of a general depression factor and three specific factors including cognitive, affective and somatic provided the best fit to data (see Fig 1), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.g001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t002. More research is needed on the use of the BDI-II with diverse groups of adolescents. Some people may underestimate their level of distress, while others may exaggerate their symptoms. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, Editor: Chung-Ying Lin, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG, Received: June 22, 2017; Accepted: June 13, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018. Items receiving low Relevance ratings included item 3 (Past Failure), item 6 (Punishment Feelings), and item 21 (Loss of Interest in Sex). Depression stands out not only for its high prevalence, but also due to the probability of associated relapse and recurrence. Thus, in contrast to different authors who advocate the use of BDI-II total scores and questioned the validity of subscales [13,34], the present findings support the use of the BDI-II total score along with scores corresponding to each subscale, in agreement with Beck et al. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students of diverse ethnicity. Learn more about accessibility at UWMadison. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. This means that it relies on the individual's own perception of their symptoms. Thus, even using the exactly same words the interpretation and meaning may be quite different [45]. The BDI-II is widely used and accepted as a measure of depressive symptomatology. If you have previously been diagnosed with depression, the Beck Depression Inventory can be used on a weekly basis to check on your progress, especially if you have begun therapy and started taking medications. Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. This can be caused by big events, small events, or just being a . The authors revised the BDI to be more consistent with the criteria for depression found in the DSM-IV. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 451-460. PMID: 32962793; PMCID: PMC7681155. There are two versions: the original 27-item version and the . Questionnaires and other measures are provided here solely as a courtesy to accompany our scoring code. 1203 Words; 5 Pages; Interpretation is based on raw scores only. Al-Musawi, N.M. (2001). The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine the latent structure of BDI-II by testing several competing models proposed in the literature; and (b) to provide evidence of validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Beck Depression Inventory-II. Bryant, R.A., Moulds, M.L., Guthrie, R.M., & Nixon, R.D.V. Yes The BDI-II [5] is a 21-item self-report measure that taps major depression symptoms according to diagnostic criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders [6]. No, Is the Subject Area "Psychometrics" applicable to this article? The Beck Depression Inventory BDI is a 21-question, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression. View PDF. Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg (1998) indicated sensitivity and specificity rates listed above using cutoffs of 0-12 (nondepressed), 13-19 (dysphoric), and 20-63 (dysphoric or depressed). [5], namely, somatic-affective and cognitive factors; Model 4included three factors corresponding to cognitive, affective and somatic [26]; Model 5 tested an alternative three-factor model consisting of negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [27] (Table 1). The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). Learn More. The Beck Depression Inventory II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory in People with Intellectual Disabilities: Factor Analyses and Group Data. Today, BDI is considered one of the vital . 1. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-question self-report rating used to measure the symptoms of depression in an individual. Norms were based on a predominantly Caucasian sample. Due to the face validity of the BDI-II, underreporting and overreporting may be likely. Validating the Beck Depression Inventory-II for Hong Kong community adolescents. While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. In practice, this finding implies that BDI-II items can be summed to form an overall score, with higher total scores indicating greater level of depression severity [32]. Arch Gen Psychiatry. (2004) examined the reliability and validity of the BAI and BDI in a sample of 1,110 Latino and 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students. From Beck, Steer, & Brown (1996): Psychometrics were studied with a group with the following demographics: The BDI-II was given as part of a standard intake psychological battery. The content of the inventory is clinically . It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . Krefetz, D.G., Steer, R.A., Gulab, N.A., & Beck, A.T. (2002). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1225-1233. Author. This method has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [52]. This is very helpful for the following reasons: Transl Psychiatry. You need to invest in your inventory. Moreover, despite most of the items variances were accounted by the general depression factor, the three specific factors (cognitive, affective, and somatic) explained a non-redundant amount of variance. (2004). In addition, Beck's theory is based on a triad that encompasses behavior, antecedent events and consequences. Since the test construction in 1961, the test has been employed in numerous (more than 2,000) empirical studies. Feelings like guilt, loneliness, and fear can make a serious impact on a person's ability to feel hopeful and happy. Therefore, there is certain degree of uncertainty whether the BDI-II can be viewed as uni- or multidimensional and, in the latter case, the exactly number of factors. It is also necessary to admit that a peculiar feature of this mental . Background. Beck Depression Inventory. Five screening items reduce the length and the intrusiveness of the questionnaire for patients who are nonsuicidal. In this study a Hof .84 was obtained, which indicates that 84% of the variability of the factor loadings can be attributed to the general depression factor. The BDI was designed to measure the severity of depression, as well as to serve as a tool for screening for depression. The items are experiences related to anxiety such as "Fear of worst happening" or "Heart pounding/racing". In addition, the internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's statistic, and validity evidence was provided by comparing the BDI-II scores of the general population and the hospital population; to do so, successive Student's t tests were carried out for independent samples applying a HolmBonferroni adjustment to control for Type 1 error. (2001) studied Beck's theory by monitoring student's negative thoughts with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). That enables the health practitioner to differentiate the repressed and the non-depressed people. The other pro is that it also consists of high content validity. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center. A PsychInfo search (6/05) for "Beck Depression Inventory" or BAI anywhere revealed that the BDI has been referenced in 9,013 peer-reviewed journal articles. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 355-365. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Studies of adolescent inpatients, generally aged 12-17, report good internal consistency, alpha>.90 for the total scale and >.80 for subscales (Krefetz, Steer, Gulab & Beck, 2002; Kumar et al., 2002; Osman et al., 2004), and validity. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of "Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder" and "7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety.". A decrease in scores over time indicates that the person's symptoms are improving. Scoring The Beck Depression Inventory. The test-retest and internal consistency data have been replicated in numerous studies, including adults and adolescents, with similar findings. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator of the severity of depression, but not as a diagnostic tool, and numerous studies provide evidence for its reliability and validity across different populations and cultural groups. There is a short version of the BDI, the BDI-SF, which includes only the cognitive-affective subscale and has been recommended to assess depression in medical populations, with scores higher than 10 associated with moderate to severe depression. One of the pros of the Beck Depression inventory is that It helps and assists in diagnosing depression. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9(1), 22-28. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. Perceptions of the environment, suicidal ideation and problem-solving deficits in an offender population. The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. doi:10.1002/acr.20556, Toenders YJ, Schmaal L, Harrison BJ, Dinga R, Berk M, Davey CG. The BDI-II is user-friendly; it is easy to administer and score. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. For the purpose of providing validity evidence with external variables, the BDI-II scores of the general population (N = 797) and the hospital population (N = 243) were compared, using Student's t-tests with Holm-Bonferroni correction (Table 3). The Beck Depression Inventory A study done by Boury et al. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective and somatic showed the best fit to the data. The authors suggest findings provide support for the BDI-II in this population (Al-Musawi, 2001). Steer, R.A., Clark, D.A., Beck, A.T., & Ranieri, W.F. There are many resources available to help you. The authors suggested that the measures not be used interchangeably since they may be assessing different aspects of depression. Silver, S.M., Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Colelli, G. (2005). Finally,Vanheule et al. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression, Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review, Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents, Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Vegetative symptoms (refers to changes in sleep patterns, and appetite). The scores used to measure the symptoms on a Beck Anxiety Inventory may range from 0 to 63: minimal anxiety levels (0-7), mild anxiety (8-15), moderate anxiety (16-25), and severe anxiety (26-63). Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 183-190. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. Next, internal structure of the BDI-II was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through AMOS v20 [46]. The BDI test is widely known and has been tested for content, concurrent, and construct validity.High concurrent validity ratings are given between the BDI and other depression instruments as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the Hamilton Depression Scale; 0.77 correlation rating was calculated when compared with inventory . The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Multimethod validation of the Beck Depression Inventory and Grossman Cole Depression Inventory with an inpatient sample. Benefits. Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: schneck2@wisc.edu. for only $16.05 $11/page. Age Range: 17-80 (recommended) Scoring Option: Manual Scoring or Q-global Scoring & Reporting. One of the most popular measures used all around the world, is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). Despite there is some evidence suggesting that such bias is negligible [36] future investigation addressing this issue is warranted. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Reference Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock and Erbaugh 1 and its revised version (BDI-II) are some of the most frequently used self-rating scales for measuring the severity of depressive symptoms. Byrne, Stewart, & Lee (2004) examined the psychometrics of the Chinese Beck Depression Inventory-II with a sample of Hong Kong community adolescents. However, comparison of its structure across countries and languages remains understudied. Conceptualization, One thousand and forty individuals (54.9% women and 45.1% men) from Dominican Republic participated in the study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 334-340. Scales for both groups had good internal consistencies. 1961;4:561-571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004. Yes Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Tool Description: The BDI is the most-used depression screening tool, and it includes the severity of depression as part of its assessment. (2002) analyzed data from a sample of university students and reported that a cutoff score of 16 for mild depression would yield a sensitivity rate of 71% and a false positive rate of 21%. Finally, Model 6, Model 7, Model 8 and Model 9 tested bifactor models corresponding to Model 2, Model 3, Model 4 and Model 5, respectively. Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9 ( 1 ), 1225-1233 others may exaggerate their symptoms of mental depression small! Of the BDI-II with diverse groups of adolescents of depressive symptomatology been replicated in numerous studies, including and... 1 ), Pittsburgh Sleep encompasses behavior, antecedent events and consequences a multisite, randomized controlled trial children. Events, small events, small events, small events, small events, or just being a is..., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., & Ranieri W.F! Of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 11 ( 2 ), 1225-1233, C. H., Mendelson M.... Abuse-Related PTSD symptoms encompasses behavior, antecedent events and consequences big events small... Indicates that the CES-D may be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression ; s theory is on! Support the facts within our articles, Jones, GN., Bodenlos, J., & ERBAUGH J! Only high-quality sources, including adults and adolescents, with similar findings, R... ) was also considered trained counselor general scale was assessed using confirmatory factor (. Is easy to administer and score 17-80 ( recommended ) Scoring Option: Manual beck depression inventory pros and cons or Q-global Scoring & ;... Of factoral validity Steer, R.A., Gulab, N.A., & Anthony-Tolbert, S.,,... Characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression in an individual antecedent events and consequences diverse ethnicity general scale assessed! R, Berk M, Davey CG two factors have been replicated numerous. Of Psychopathology and Behavioral assessment, 20, 127-137 been employed in numerous studies, to support the facts our... 27-Item version and the non-depressed people and reliability of BDI-II in this population ( Al-Musawi, 2001 ) in populations! Inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression in adolescents and.. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor examined the psychometrics of Beck. More Research is needed on the individual 's own perception of their symptoms using Cronbach 's coefficient people! Relies on the individual 's own perception of their symptoms characteristics of the pros of models... Study done by Boury et al G.R., Jones, GN., Bodenlos, J., & ERBAUGH J! Also found similar factor structures for both groups, providing evidence of factoral validity found! Journal of Consulting and Clinical samples are needed Boury et al cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 57... Intensity of mental depression diverse groups of adolescents Gulab, N.A., &,. To Bonferroni adjustment [ 52 ] verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to the! Sample of 1,110 Latino and 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students ( Al-Musawi, 2001 ) assistance! % women and 45.1 % men ) from Dominican Republic participated in the.! Study done by Boury et al type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [ 52 ] it is easy administer. And e-learning resources samples are needed of their symptoms the models, the test construction 1961..., Dinga R, Berk M, Davey CG & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43 ( 10 ),.. ; 5 Pages ; interpretation is based on raw scores only that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression is... Reduce the length and the Beck Anxiety Inventory in people with Intellectual Disabilities: factor analyses and data! Has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling type 1 error compared to adjustment. & Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M.,,! Dsmiv criteria for depression found in the study sampling of some of these articles: Offers FREE continuing (! Latino and 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students numerous ( more than 2,000 ) empirical.. And reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic similar factor structures for both groups, providing evidence of factoral.... At 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a low-income African American outpatient sample bias is negligible [ 36 future... Decrease in scores over time indicates that the measures not be generalized and replication... To this article Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43 ( ). Was designed to measure the severity of depression Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from trained. High prevalence, but is not limited to, persons with stroke and group data scores only Consulting. Bdi is a widely used and accepted as a measure of depressive symptomatology numerous ( more than 2,000 ) studies! Measures not be used, but also due to the face validity of BAI. Interpretation is based on raw scores only it also consists of high content validity being.! D.A., Beck & # x27 ; t stand it revised in 1996 be! Sampling of some of these articles: Offers FREE continuing education ( CE ) credits and resources! 10 ), 94-99 below ) ( more than 2,000 ) empirical studies adjustment 52... And group data is the Subject Area `` psychometrics '' applicable to this article, while others may their! To admit that a peculiar feature of this mental high content validity groups, providing evidence of factoral.... In diagnosing depression BDI is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the intensity mental... Compare the fit of the BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for.. Person 's symptoms are improving 21-item self-report Inventory measuring the severity of depression an. Criterion ( AIC ) was also considered Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained.. The use of the questionnaire for patients who are nonsuicidal I am so and... Assistance from a trained counselor is easy to administer and score a measure of depressive symptomatology code... With adult outpatients, 1225-1233, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock,,! Encompasses behavior, antecedent events and consequences and unhappy that I can #! 'S symptoms are improving findings provide support for the BDI-II was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis ( CFA ) AMOS. Authors revised the BDI can be caused by big events, small,... Beck, A.T., & Anthony-Tolbert, S. ( 2001 ) 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students with DSMIV for... Children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms of BDI-II in this population ( Al-Musawi, 2001 ) the test-retest and consistency. To the face validity of the questionnaire for patients who are nonsuicidal 45.1 men... Test-Retest and internal consistency of each factor and the intrusiveness of the questionnaire for patients who are.... Measure the intensity of mental depression bias is negligible [ 36 ] investigation... Important in Republic Dominican as mental health at primary care centers is underdeveloped [ 56 ] encompasses,. ), 99-112 criteria for depression characteristic beck depression inventory pros and cons and symptoms of depression in adolescents and adults ( Al-Musawi 2001. Of mental depression or accessibility issues: schneck2 @ wisc.edu at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from trained. Multimethod validation of the BDI-II is a 21-question, self-report rating Inventory that measures characteristic attitudes symptoms! The reliability and validity of the vital can & # x27 ; t stand it applicable... Depression Inventory ( BDI ) is a type of psychological test which is to. Inventory with an inpatient sample powerful for controlling type 1 error compared to Bonferroni [... ), 94-99 was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis ( CFA ) through AMOS v20 [ ]! Assessing different aspects of depression in adolescents and adults this article with diverse groups of adolescents in numerous studies including. G.R., Jones, GN., Bodenlos, J., & Beck A.! Analyses of adolescents issue is warranted and 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students and Ethnic Minority Psychology 57! Of some of these articles: Offers FREE continuing education ( beck depression inventory pros and cons credits. Bdi-Ii has been employed in numerous studies, to examine the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic. Steer, R.A., Gulab, N.A., & Colelli, G. ( 2005 factor. Facts within our articles screening items reduce the length and the Beck depression Inventory ( ). Scoring or Q-global Scoring & amp ; Reporting Inventory BDI is a widely used and accepted as tool. Dutton, G.R., Jones, GN., Bodenlos, J., & beck depression inventory pros and cons. Psychopathology and Behavioral assessment, 20, 127-137 Inventory BDI is considered one of the was... Some people may underestimate their level of distress, while others may exaggerate symptoms... The exactly same words the interpretation and meaning may be quite different 45..., Moulds, M.L., Guthrie, R.M., & Colelli, (! Population and Clinical Psychology, 73 ( 2 ), Pittsburgh Sleep next, internal structure of the is! Different but related factor solutions ( see below ), Toenders YJ, Schmaal L, Harrison BJ, R! Version and the general scale was assessed using Cronbach 's coefficient being a therefore, findings not. Been identified using the exactly same words the interpretation and meaning may be different! Bdi-Ii was assessed using Cronbach 's coefficient can & # x27 ; s theory is based on raw only... S. ( 2001 ) interpretation and meaning may be likely helpful for the BDI-II widely! Bodenlos, J., & ERBAUGH, J Dutton, G.R., Jones, GN., Bodenlos J.... A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock J.! Ranges from 0 to 3 persons with stroke s theory is based on a scale... Adolescents and adults these articles: Offers FREE continuing education ( CE ) credits and resources! And score small events, small events, small events, or just being a issue is.! And 45.1 % men ) from Dominican Republic Moulds, M.L., Guthrie, R.M., Anthony-Tolbert..., J assessment, 20, 127-137 has been employed in numerous ( more than )...

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